WBCs
________________ is the production of WBCs
Leukopoiesis
WBCs originate from ____________ ______ cells
pluripotent stem
Pluripotent stem cells are stimulated by cytokines to mature into either ___________ or ___________ cells
Myeloid or Lymphoid
Neutrophils are split between the _____________ _______ (stays in the bloodstream) and the ______________ _____ (inner blood vessel layer)
circulating pool and the marginal pool
To differentiate cells observe the cell _______, ____, _______ _________, and ___________ _________
size, N:C, chromatin pattern, and cytoplasmic quality
The 1st stage of granulocytic maturation is the ______________ stage
Myeloblast
The 2nd stage of granulocytic maturation is the ______________ stage
Promyelocyte
The 3rd stage of granulocytic maturation is the ______________ stage
Neutrophilic/Basophilic/Eosinophilic Myelocyte
The 4th stage of granulocytic maturation is the ______________ stage
Neutrophilic/Basophilic/Eosinophilic Metamyelocyte
The 5th stage of granulocytic maturation is the ______________ stage
Neutrophilic/Basophilic/Eosinophilic Band
The 6th stage of granulocytic maturation is the ______________ stage
Neutro/Baso/Eosinophil
Myelo/Monoblasts are present with 2-5 nucleoli with thin __________ ______
chromatin strands
Promyelocytes have prominent primary, nonspecific ________
granules
The Myelocyte stage is the first stage with _________ __________
specific granules
The metamyelocyte stage has no __________
nucleoli
Segmented neutrophils have _____ nucleus lobes connected together by filaments
2-5
Segs have many _____ _____________ __________
fine secondary granules
Eosinophils have an eccentric (red-orange), ________ nucleus
bilobed
Basophils have very many purple-black granules with a bilobed or ___________ nucleus
cloverleaf
The Promonocyte stage has ________ present on the nucleus
folding
Nuclei from the ________ stage takes different shapes
monocyte
Lymphoblasts have a smudgy chromatin with very little __________
cytoplasm
Prolymphocytes have a slightly ________ chromatin with little cytoplasm
coarsened
_____________ seek ingest and kill bacteria through Phagocytosis
Neutrophils
______________ respond to parasitic and allergic reactions, as well as regulates the inflammatory process
Eosinophils
______________ respond to hypersensitivity reactions and inflammation, contains heparin
Basophils
The lymphatic system is responsible for __________________________________
Blood filtration, Fluid balance, Antibody generation, and Lymphopoiesis
Lymphocyte B-Cells are produced in the ______ __________
Bone Marrow
Lymphocyte T-Cells are produced in the ___________
Thymus
Both Lymph B and T-Cells can be made in the _______________________________________
Spleen, lymph nodes, tonsils, and Peyer's patches
NK cells stay in the _______ ____________
bone marrow
T helper cells (CD4) promotes __________ production
antibody
T supressor cells (CD8) eliminates non-self by promoting ____________ activity
enzyme
B lymphocytes mature into _________ _____, which produce antibodies
plasma cells
B lymphocytes must be stimulated toward a specific __________ ____________
immune response
NK cells have a role in resisting _______, _______, and _______ (foreign bodies)
bacteria, viruses, and fungi
_______________ is the absolute increase in total WBC count
Leukocytosis
____________ is the absolute decrease in total WBC count
Leukopenia
A _____ ______ is a bone marrow response to an increased WBC count (Leukocytosis) by sending younger cells
left shift
A ____________ __________ is an exaggerated response to infections and inflammation
Leukemoid reaction
______________________________ is when a peripheral smear contains immature WBCs, NRBCs, and platelet abnormalities
Leukoerythroblastosis
Phagocytosis starts with _______________, then the _________________ phase, and then the injestion and killing phase
Chemotaxis; Opsonization
______________ is a process where Neutrophils use chemical signals released by foreign substances to move towards the site of invasion with the assistance of C3b
Chemotaxis
___________________ is a process where C5a "seasons" the foreign body with complement or immunoglobulins
Opsonization
Neutro/Eosino/Basophil levels are _____________ Neutro/Eosino/Basophilia
increased
Neutro/Eosino/Basophil and Mono/Lymphocyte levels are _____________ with Neutro/Eosino/Baso/Monocyto/Lymphocytopenia
decreased
Mono/Lymphocyte levels are ______________ in Mono/Lymphocytosis
increased
a left shift has an increase in_______ and ______________ on the peripheral smear
bands and metamyelocytes
________ ___________ is when granules are excessive due to enhanced lysosome enzyme production
Toxic granulation
Toxic granulation also resembles the primary granules of _____________
promyelocytes
______ _____________ has round, clear spaces within granulocyte cytoplasm
Toxic vacuolization
_______ ________ has remnants of ribosomal RNA after lysosome overproduction
Dohle Bodies
_________ _____________ is a new tick-borne disease caused by 2 varieties of a Rickettsia like bacteria
Human Ehrlichiosis
Toxic granulation and vacuolization as well as Dohle bodies happens due to the ____ ______
left shift
Neutrophilia is caused by __________ infections and responses
Bacterial
Eosinophilia is caused by ______________________
Allergies and skin and parasitic diseases
Basophilia is caused by __________ ____________ __________
chronic inflammatory conditions
Monocytosis is caused by ___________ __________ (TB)
Chronic infections
Lymphocytosis is a ______ _________ normal in children ages 4 months - 4 years old
viral infection
Giant platelets, thrombocytopenia, and large Dohle Bodies are seen in a __________________ Anomaly
May-Hegglin
Coarse, dark granules are seen in a ______________ Anomaly
Alder-Reilly
Spherical, dumb-bell shaped nucleus' are seen in a _____________ Anomaly
Pelger-Huet
_____________ and wbc chemotaxis and killing function are decreased in Chediak-Higashi Syndrome
Photophobia
Lipid storage diseases are caused by a ___________ ________ _____________
single gene deletion
___________ __________ is normal in young children (1-4 years)
Relative Lymphocytosis
Infectioun Mononucleosis is caused by the EBV and shows symptoms such as __________________________________-
sore throat, fatigue, and fever
The _________________ _______ (EBV) infects B lymphocytes and can be found in fluids such as saliva
Epstein-Barr virus
Infectious mononucleosis is diagnosed from _______% reactive lymphocyte concentration in smear
10-60
H-Segs are seen in ______________ _________
megaloblastic anemias
____________ is the mutation of pluripotent stem cells causing cell overgrowth (Cancer)
Leukemia
Chronic Leukemia is subtle, with high levels of _________ yet disfunctional wbcs
mature
In some cases of chronic leukemia; _______, _________________, and ______________ is present. With Acute leukemia these 3 are always present
Anemia, thrombocytopenia, and Neutropenia
Acute Leukemia is abrupt, with changing wbc levels, _____ and _________ ____ are also present
Blasts and immature wbcs
Acute Leukemia is seen in all stages of life and if left untreated turns fatal in ____ months
2-3
>___% of wbcs in the BM or blood is blasts in Acute Leukemia
20
_________ ________ _____________ (AML) is seen in middle age adults and is fatal between 2-3 months if not treated
Acute myeloid Leukemia
_______ ________________ ____________ (ALL) is mostly seen in children under the age of 10, which have a 70-80% cure rate (Adults 60-80%)
Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia
With ALL, ~100% of lymph cells are ___________ and ____________
lymphocytes and lymphoblasts
AML requires a blast percentage of ⪰___% in the blood or BM for a positive result
20
AML with Myelodysplasia has ⪰20% blast percentage with _____________ in atleast 2 cell lines
Dysplasia
AML and Myelodysplasia is treated with __________ ______________ and/or ________ ___________
cytotoxic chemotherapy and/or radiation therapy
Acute Erythroid Leukemia has >___% erythroid precursors
80
The cytochemical stains MPO, SBB, and CAE identifies ___________
myeloblasts
The cytochemical stain TdT identifies ______________________
Lymphoblasts
Genetic abnormalities are identified using _____________ _________________
reciprocal translocations
AML(_____)
8:21
AML inv (___)
16
APL (_____) and is associated with DIC
15:17
Acute myeloid leukemia with _________
11q23
_______ affects cells in the granulocytic cell line
CML
______ affects cells in the Erythrocytic cell line
PV
____ affects cells in all cell lines
IMF
___ affects cells in the Mega-K cell line
ET
Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia(CML) affects people aged _______ years old
20-50
CML has 90-95% of chromosomes present with the ____________ mutation, which is formed from the translocation of chromosome 22 to chromosome 9
Philadelphia
Severe _____________ and the presence of the Philadelphia chromosome are features of CML
leukocytosis
_________ _________ ___________ (LAP) is a test used to differentiate CML from leukemoid reaction
Leukocyte Alklaine Phosphatase
CML has 3 phases, a chronic, accelerated, and blast phase; the chronic phase has a __% blast concentration, accelerated phase __%, and blast phase >___%
2; 5; 20
CMLs _______ phase is the most responsive to treatment, while the ______ phase is untreatable
chronic; blast
CMLs accelerated phase has a <__ year survival expectancy
1