Psychology Exam Final
The process that initiates, directs, and sustains behavior satisfying physiological or psychological needs (Board); involves goal-directed behavior (Text)
MOTIVATION
Needs, wants, interests, and desires that propel people in certain directions.
MOTIVES
The study of the genetic and evolutionary basis of social behavior in all organisms, including humans.
SOCIOBIOLOGY
Favors behaviors that maximize reproductive success:
1. Sexual activity - reproduction
2. Competition - whatever is competed for has value and the winner would pass those "successful" genes to its offspring
3. Agression - survival of the fittest
4. Altruistic behavior - self-sacrifice to ensure the survival of the species; the animal that warns the herd, flock, pride or gathering at the risk of its own life
5. Intelligence
NATURAL SELECTION & EVOLUTIONARY ADVANTAGE
The innate needs for stimulation and information
STIMULUS MOTIVES
Innate motives based on biological needs - the most important needs are hunger, thirst, pain avoidance, and needs for sleep, elimination of waste, and regulation of body temperature
PRIMARY MOTIVES
Motives that are based on learned needs, drives, and goals
SECONDARY MOTIVES
A state of physiological equilibrium or stability.
HOMEOSTASIS
An internal state of tension that motivates an organism to engage in activities that should reduce that tension.
DRIVE
Two most powerful drives in humans.
HUNGER DRIVE & SEX DRIVE
Brain regulation, glucostatic theories, hormonal regulation, and set point.
HUNGER DRIVE - BIOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVES
1. Destroyed (lesion): Animal stops eating
2. Activated (by electrical stimulation): Animal overeats
LATERAL HYPOTHALAMUS
1. Destroyed (by lesioning): Animal overeats
2. Activated (by electrical stimulation): Animal stops eating
VENTROMEDIAL NUCLEUS
Fluctuations in blood glucose (a simple sugar thta is an important source of energy) levels are monitored by glucostats which results in a hunger drive
GLUCOSTATIC THEORY
Fluctuations in insulin that affect hunger
HORMONAL REGULATION
The proportion of body fat that tends to be maintained by changes in hunger and eating
SET POINT
Social factor that affects hunger drive; observationally learned, culturally influenced, family customs, etc.
LEARNED PREFERENCES
Social factor that affects hunger drive; an external stimulus that tends to encourage hunger or elicit eating.
EXTERNAL EATING CUE
Social factor that affects hunger drive; time and smells are examples
FOOD RELATED CUES
Social factor that affects hunger drive; stress induces an arousal which "stimulates" a hunger drive
STRESS, AROUSAL, AND EATING
Theory which states the species mating pattern depends on what each sex has to invest, in the way of time, energy, and survival risk, to produce and nurture offspring
PARENTAL INVESTMENT THEORY
Refers to a person's preference for emotional and sexual relationships
SEXUAL ORIENTATION
A personality characteristic of people who prefer high levels of stimulation
SENSATION SEEKING
The desire to excel or meet some internalized standard of excellence
ACHIEVEMENT MOTIVE
The test used by researchers to determine an individual's achievement motive
TAT TEST
An external goal that has the power to motivate behavior
INCENTIVES
INTRINSIC MOTIVATION
Motivation that comes from within (internalized), rather than from external rewards or motivation based on personal enjoyment of a task or activity
Motivation based on obvious external rewards, obligations, similar factors
EXTRINSIC MOTIVATION
-Drive theories: Emphasize how internal states of tension push people in certain directions (within/internal)
-Incentive theories: Emphasize how external stimuli pull people in certain directions (outside/external)
PUSH - PULL THEORY
Motivation to pursue a particular course of action will depend on two factors:
1. Expectancy (Probability) about one's chances of attaining the incentive
2. The value of the desired incentive
EXPECTANCY-VALUE MODEL OF MOTIVATION
1. Motivation factors: Job factors that increase motivation, but whose absence does not necessarily result in dissatisfaction.
2. Hygiene factors: Job factors that reduce dissatisfaction, when present, to an acceptable degree, but do not necessarily result in high levels of motivation.
HERZBERG'S MOTIVATION - HYGIENE THEORY
Factors that generally only have a short term effect
HYGIENE FACTORS
Factors that have a long term effect
MOTIVATION FACTORS
Associated with the Americans, assumes that employees dislike work and will function only in a highly controlled work enviroment.
THEORY X
Associated with the Japanese, assumes that employees accept responsibility and work toward organizational goals if by so doing they also achieve personal rewards.
THEORY Y
The outward expression or display of mood or feeling states
EMOTION
Feelings such as happiness, anger, or grief, created by brain patterns and accompanied by bodily changes (Board), or a state characterized by physiological arousal, changes in facial expression, gestures, posture, and subjective feelings
EMOTIONS
Subjective conscious experience
COGNITIVE
Bodily arousal i.e. "fight or flight"
PHYSIOLOGICAL
Characteristic overt expressions:
a. Emotions are expressed through facial expressions, body language, and or other nonverbal behavior
b. Studies of blind infants indicate that facial expressions are innate
BEHAVIORAL (INNATE)
Happiness, sadness, anger, fear, surprise, disgust
SIX FUNDAMENTAL EMOTIONS
Cultural norms that regulate the appropriate expression of emotions i.e. Japanese restrict the expression of negative emotions in public
DISPLAY RULES
You sense the stimulus which leads to a concious feeling which then leads to an autonomic arousal.
FEAR = FEELING = AROUSAL (Elev. Heartrate, etc.)
COMMON SENSE THEORY OF EMOTION
a. Different patterns of autonomic activation lead to the experience of different emotions.
b. People distinguish emotions on the basis of the configuration of physical reactions.
AROUSAL = FEELING = FEAR
JAMES - LANGE THEORY OF EMOTION
Emotion occurs when the thalamus send signals simultaneously to the cortex (creating the concious experience of emotion), and to the autonomic nervous system (creating visceral arousal)
FEAR + AROUSAL = SIMULTANEOUSLY
CANNON - BARD THEORY OF EMOTION
1. Autonomic arousal
2. Cognitive interpretation of that arousal (the appraisal)
SCHACHTER'S TWO-FACTOR THEORY OF EMOTION
Darwin believed that emotions developed because of their adaptive value
EVOLUTIONARY THEORIES
According to this theory the majority of emotions are blends of emotions or variances in intensity
BLENDING
In order from 1st priority - most important & powerful:
1. Physiological Needs (Hunger, thirst, etc.)
2. Safety & Security Needs (Long-term survival)
3. Belongingness & Love Needs (Affiliation & Acceptance)
4. Esteem Needs (Achievement & gaining recognition)
5. Cognitive Needs (Knowledge & Understanding)
6. Aesthetic Needs (Order & Beauty)
7. Need for Self-Actualization (Realization of potential)
Good way to remember = "P.S.B.E.C.A.N."
MASLOW'S HIERARCHY OF NEEDS