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PSYCH*1000 mental disorders

Abnormal psychology

is the psychological study of mental illness

Asylums

residential facilities for the mentally ill.

Maladaptive

meaning that they cause distress to oneself or others, impair day-to-day functioning, or increase the risk of injury or harm to oneself or others.

Medical model

which sees psychological conditions through the same lens as western medicine tends to see physical conditions as a set of symptoms, causes, and outcomes with treatments aimed at changing physiological processes in order to alleviate symptoms.

Psychosis

when an individual has difficulties distinguishing between what is real and what is imagined

Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (DSM)

a standardized manual to aid in the diagnosis of disorders

Culture-bound syndromes

expressions of distress that are recognized across a given culture but that tend not to appear outside of that culture.

Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)

a developmental disorder in which children show inappropriate levels of hyperactivity and impulsivity while also having problems maintaining their attention on people or activities.

Mental disorder defence

claims that the defendant was in such extreme, abnormal state of mind when committing the crime that they could not discern that the actions were legally or morally wrong.

Personality disorders

as particularly unusual patterns of behaviour that are maladaptive, distressing to oneself or others, and resistant to change.

Paranoid personality disorder (PPD)

individuals are consistently preoccupied by the belief that the other people are attempting to harm or deceive them; they often react with anger to those imagined social or physical threats

Schizoid personality disorder (SPD)

individuals are socially detached ; they do not desire close relationships, including being part of a family, and take little pleasure in most activities.

Schizotypal personality disorder

which consists of both a discomfort with close relationships as well as unusual or eccentric thoughts and behaviours .

Borderline personality disorder (BPD)

which is characterized by intense extremes between positive and negative emotions, an unstable sense of self, impulsivity and difficult social relationships

Narcissistic personality disorder (NPD)

characterized by an inflated sense of self-importance and an excessive need for attention and admiration, as well as intense self-doubt and fear of abandonment

Histrionic personality disorder (HPD)

characterized by excessive attention seeking and dramatic behaviour.

Antisocial personality disorder (APD)

have a profound lack of empathy or emotional connection with others, a disregard for others' rights or preferences and a tendency toward imposing their own desires, often violently, onto others regardless of the consequences for other people or, often when younger, animals.

Avoidant personality disorder (AvPD)

individuals avoid social interactions, including those at school or work, because they feel inadequate and are deeply afraid of being rejected.

Dependent personality disorder (DPD)

have an excessive need to be taken care of, often requiring frequent assurance from others and help with everyday decision making.

Obsessive-compulsive personality disorder (OCPD)

a disorder in which individuals are perfectionists who are unusually focused on details, organization and productivity; these individuals also tend to avoid spending money or throwing out old, worthless objects.

Dissociative disorder

a category of mental disorders characterized by a split between a persons conscious awareness and their feelings, cognitions, memory and identity.

Dissociative identity disorder (DID)

in which a person experiences a split in identity such that they feel different aspects of themselves as though they were separated from each other.

Anxiety disorders

are a category of disorders involving fear or nervousness that is excessive, irrational and maladaptive

Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD)

involves frequently elevated levels of anxiety, generally from the normal challenges and stresses of everyday life

Panic disorder

is an anxiety disorder marked by occasional episodes of sudden, very intense fear

Panic attack

brief moments of extreme anxiety that include a rush of physical activity paired with frightening thoughts

Agoraphobia

an intense fear of having a panic attack in public; as a result of this fear, the individual may begin to avoid public settings increasingly isolate themselves.

Phobia

is a severe, irrational fear of a very specific object or situation

Specific phobia

an intense fear of a specific object, activity or organism

Social anxiety disorder

a very strong fear of being judged by others or being embarrassed or humiliated in public

Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)

plagued by unwanted, inappropriate and persistent thoughts (obsessions) and engage in repetitive often quite ritualistic behaviours (compulsions).

Major depression

disorder marked by prolonged periods of sadness, feelings of worthlessness and hopelessness, social withdrawal, and cognitive and physical sluggishness.

Bipolar disorder

characterized by extreme highs and lows in mood, motivation, and energy

Schizophrenia

brain disease that causes the person to experience significant breaks from reality, a lack of integration of thoughts and emotions, and problems with attention and memory.

Prodromal phase

people may become easily confused and have difficulty organizing their thoughts, they may lose interest and begin to withdraw from friends and family, and they may lose their normal motivations, withdraw from life and spend increasing amounts of time alone, often deeply engrossed in their own thoughts

Active phase

people typically experience delusional thoughts, hallucinations, or disorganized patterns of thoughts, emotions and behaviours

Residual phase

in which peoples predominant symptoms have disappeared or lessened considerably, and they may simply be withdrawn, have trouble concentrating and generally lack motivation.

Positive symptoms

refer to the presence of maladaptive behaviours, such as confused and paranoid thinking and inappropriate emotional reactions

Negative symptoms

involve the absence of adaptive behaviour, such as absent or flat emotional reactions, lack of interacting with others in a social setting, and lack of motivation.

Hallucinations

alterations in perception, such that a person hears, sees, smells, feels, or tastes something that does not actually exist, except in that persons own mind

Delusions

beliefs that are not based on or well-integrated with reality

Disorganized behaviour

considerable difficulty people with schizophrenia may have completing the tasks of everyday life

Paranoid schizophrenia

symptoms include delusional beliefs that one is being followed, watched, or persecuted, may also include delusions of grandeur or the belief that one has some secret, insight, power or some other characteristic that makes them special

Disorganized schizophrenia

include thoughts, speech, behaviours and emotions that are poorly integrated and incoherent. These people also show inappropriate, unpredictable mannerisms

Catatonic schizophrenia

symptoms include episodes in which a person remains mute and immobile sometimes bizarre positions for extended periods. They also exhibit repetitive, purposeless movements.

Neurodevelopmental hypothesis

suggests that the adult manifestation of what we call "schizophrenia" is the outgrowth of disrupted neurological development early in the persons life

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