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PSYCH*1000 therapies

Clinical psychologists

have obtained PhDs and are able to formally diagnose and treat mental health issues ranging from everyday and mild to chronic and sever.

Counselling psychologists

are mental health professionals who typically work with people with more common problems such as stress and coping; issues concerning identity, sexuality, and relationships; anxiety and depression; and developmental issues such as childhood trauma

Psychiatrists

are medical doctors who specialize in mental health and who are allowed to diagnose and treat mental disorders through prescribing medications

Deinstitutionalization

involved the movement of large numbers of psychiatric inpatients from their care facilities back into regular society.

Residential treatment centers

are housing facilities in which residents receive psychological therapy and life skills training, with the explicit goal of helping residents become re-integrated into society.

Community psychology

focuses on identifying how individuals mental health is influenced by the community in which they live, and emphasizes community-level variables such as social programs, support networks, and community resource centers to help those with mental illness adjust to the challenges of everyday life

Empirically supported treatments

treatments that have been tested and evaluated using scientific methods

Therapeutic alliance

the relationship that emerges in therapy between the therapist and the patient

Bibliotherapy

The use of self-help books and other reading materials as a form of therapy

Insight therapies

a general term referring to therapy that involves dialogue between patient and therapist for the purposes of gaining awareness and understanding of psychological problems and conflicts.

Psychodynamic therapies

forms of insight therapy that emphasize the need to discover and resolve unconscious conflicts

Free association

during which patients are encouraged to talk or write without censoring their thoughts in any way.

Dream analysis

a method of examining the details of a dream in order to gain insight into the true meaning of the dream, the emotional, unconscious material that is being communicated symbolically.

Resistance

occurs in therapy when the patient engages in strategies that keep unconscious thoughts or motivations that they wish to avoid from fully entering conscious awareness.

Transference

whereby patients direct certain patterns or emotional experiences toward the analyst.

Object relations therapy

a variation of psychodynamic therapy that focuses on how early childhood experiences and emotional attachments influence later psychological functioning.

Phenomenological approach

the therapist addresses the clients feelings and thoughts as they unfold in the present moment, rather than looking for unconscious motives or dwelling in the past

Client-centered therapy

which focuses on individuals abilities to solve their own problems and reach their full potential with the encouragement of the therapist

Behavioural therapies

attempt to directly address problem behaviours and the environmental factors that trigger them

Systematic desensitization

gradual exposure to a feared stimulus or situation is coupled with relaxation training

Virtual reality exposure (VRE)

a treatment that uses graphical display to create an experience in which the patient seems to be immersed in an actual environment.

Aversive conditioning

is a behavioural technique that involves replacing a positive response to a stimulus with a negative response, typically by using punishment.

Cognitive- behavioural therapy (CBT)

is a form of therapy that consists of procedures such as cognitive restructuring, stress inoculation training, and exposing people to experiences they may have a tendency to avoid.

Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy (MBCT)

is a technique that combines mindfulness meditation with standard cognitive-behavioural therapy tools.

Decentering

which occurs when a person is able to "step-back" from their normal consciousness and examine themselves more objectively, as an observer.

Systems approach

an orientation that encourages therapists to see an individuals symptoms as being influenced by many interacting systems.

Psychopharmacotherapy

he use of drugs to manage or reduce patients symptoms

Psychotropic drugs

are medications designed to alter psychological functioning

Blood-brain barrier

a network of tightly packed cells that allow only specific types of substances to move from the bloodstream to the brain in order to protect delicate brain cells against harmful infections and other substances

Antidepressant drugs

are medications designed to reduce symptoms of depression. In general, antidepressants target areas of the brain that are rich in neurotransmitters.

Monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs)

work by deactivating monoamine oxidase (MAO), an enzyme that breaks down serotonin, dopamine and norepinephrine at the synaptic clefts of nerve cells.

Tricyclic antidepressants

drugs that block the reuptake of serotonin and norepinephrine.

Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor

a class of antidepressant drugs that block the reuptake of serotonin

Mood stabilizer

are drugs used to prevent or reduce the severity of mood swings experienced by people with bipolar disorder

Lithium

was one of the first mood stabilizers to be prescribed regularly in psychiatry and from the 50's to the 80's it was the standard rug treatment for depression and bipolar disorder

Antianxiety drugs

affect the activity of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) an inhibitory neurotransmitter that reduces neural activity.

Antipsychotic drugs

are generally used to treat symptoms of psychosis, including delusions, hallucinations and severely disturbed or disorganized thoughts

Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD)

is a common psychological illness involving recurring thoughts, images, and nightmares associated with a traumatic event; it induces symptoms of tension and anxiety and can seriously interfere with many aspects of a persons life.

Tardive dyskinesia

is a movement disorder involving involuntary movements and facial tics.

Atypical antipsychotics

second generation is less likely to produce side effects, including movement disorders that commonly occur with first generation antipsychotics

Frontal lobotomy

surgically severing the connections between different regions of the brain

Leucotomy

the surgical destruction of brain tissues in the prefrontal cortex

Focal lesions

are small areas of brain tissue that are surgically destroyed

Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)

involves passing an electrical current through the brain in order to induce a temporary seizure

Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation

is a therapeutic technique in which a focal area of the brain is exposed to a powerful magnetic field across several treatment sessions

Deep brain stimulation

a technique that involves electrically stimulating specific regions of the brain.

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