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PSYCH*1000 motivation and emotion

Motivation

concerns the physiological and psychological process underlying the initiation of behaviours that direct organisms toward specific goals

Homeostasis

the body's physiological processes that allow it to maintain consistent internal states in response the outer environment

Drive

a biological trigger that tells us we may be deprived of something and causes us to seek out what is needed, such as food or water

Incentives

the stimuli we seek out in order to reduce drives

Allostasis

motivation that is not only influenced by current needs, but also by the anticipation of future needs caused by stress

Hypothalamus

a brain structure that regulates basic biological needs and motivational systems

Glucose

a sugar that serves as a primary energy source for the brain and the rest of the body

Satiation

the point in a meal when we are no longer motivated to eat

Unit bias

the tendency to assume that the unit of sale or portioning is an appropriate amount to consume

Eating habits

Social facilitation: eating more for example taking seconds because people say they are available etc
Impression management: eating less- social norm is eating minimal

Modelling: eating whatever they eat- eating the same amount as other people.

Obesity

a disorder of positive energy balance, in which energy intake exceeds energy expindenture

Anorexia nervosa

is an eating disorder that involves self starvation, intense fear of weight gain and dissatisfaction with ones body and denial of serious consequences of severely low weight

Bulimia nervosa

is an eating disorder that is characterized by periods of food deprivation, binge eating and purging.

Libido

the motivation for sexual activity and pleasure

Intrasexual selection

a situation in which members of the same sex compete in order to win the opportunity to mate with members of the opposite sex

Reasons for sex

1. Physical
2. Attain a goal

3. Emotional reasons

4. Insecurity

Sexual response cycle

describes the phases of physiological change during sexual activity, which compromises four primary stages: excitement, plateau, orgasm, and resolution

Refractory period

a time period during which erection and orgasm are not physically possible

Oxytocin

a hormone related to feelings of trust and the desire to be close to someone

Sexual orientation

the consistent preference for sexual relations with members of the opposite sex, same sex, or either sex.

Transgender

refers to individuals who experience a mismatch between the gender that they identify with and their biological sex

Gender role

the accepted attitudes and behaviours of males and females on a given society, exist

Sexual scripts

the set of rules and assumptions about the sexual behaviours of males and females

Sex guilt

negative emotional feelings for having violated culturally accepted standards of appropriate sexual behaviour.

Self actualization

the point at which a person reaches their full potential as a creative, deep-thinking, and accepting human being

Need to belong

is the motivation to maintain relationships that involve pleasant feelings such as warmth, affection, appreciation and mutual concern for each others well beings

Passionate love

is associated with a physical and emotional longing for the other person

Compassionate love

related to tenderness, and to the affection we feel when our lives are intertwined with another person.

Achievement motivation

is a very strong force in human behaviour and refers to the drive to perform at high levels and to accomplish significant goals

Approach goal

an enjoyable and pleasant incentive that a person is drawn toward, such as praise, financial reward, or a feeling of satisfaction

Avoidance goal

an attempt to avoid an unpleasant outcome such as shame, embarrassment, losing money, or feeling emotional pain.

Self-efficacy

an individuals confidence that they can plan and execute a course of action in order to solve a problem.

Self-determination theory

a theory that states that an individuals ability to achieve their goals and attain psychological well-being is influenced by the degree to which they are in control of the behaviours necessary to achieve those goals

Extrinsic motivation

motivation geared toward gaining rewards or public recognition, or avoiding embarrassment

Amotivational

a feeling of having little or no motivation to perform a behaviour

intrinsic motivation

the process of being internally motivated to perform behaviours and overcome challenges

Emotion

a behaviour with the following three components.
1)a subjective thought and or experience

2) Accompanying patterns of neural activity and physical arousal and

3) An observable behavioural expression like a facial expression

Amygdala

is a group of nuclei in the medial portion of the temporal lobes in each hemisphere of the brain

James-Lange theory of emotion

this view suggested that our physiological reactions to stimuli precede the emotional experience

Cannon-Bard theory of emotion

suggested that the brain interprets a situation and generates subjective emotional feelings, and that these representations in the brain trigger responses in the body.

Facial feedback hypothesis

suggests that our emotional expressions can influence our subjective emotional states

Emotional dialects

variations across cultures in how common emotions are expressed

Display rules

refer to the unwritten expectations we have regarding when it is appropriate to show certain emotion

Schachter-singer two factor theory of emotion

patterns of physical arousal and the cognitive labels we attach to them to form the basis of our emotional experiences.

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