early devlelopment in the contect of caregiver-child relationship
Which of the following describe the roles of parents as socializing agents for their children?
Modelling and observational learning
Social signals - conveying social and emotional information
Managing interactions
Which of the following are early signs of active participation as a social partner in infants?
Imitations
Social referencing
Which of the following are fundamental aspects of attachment?
A selective enduring, affective tie to the caregiver
Proximity-promoting behaviors such as crying and seeking
The interplay between attachment and exploration systems
Formation of internal working models
According to Bowlby's phases of attachment development, which of the following are true?
Nonfocused Orienting and Signaling (0-3 months)
Focus on One or More Figures (3-6 months)
Secure Base Behavior (6 months and older)
Goal-corrected Partnership (3 years and older)
Which of the following describe different attachment styles identified in the Strange Situation procedure?
Secure
Insecure avoidant
Insecure resistant
Disorganized
Which factors are associated with the development and variation of attachment quality in children?
Parental sensitivity and responsiveness
Child temperament and genetic differences
Environmental influences and caregiving practices
Cultural differences and societal norms
Which of the following are considered behavioral indicators of attachment in Ainsworth's Strange Situation procedure?
Using the mother as a base to explore from
Showing distress during separation from the mother
Being comforted by the mother upon reunion
Which of the following statements about attachment styles in adults are true based on the Adult Attachment Interview (AAI)?
Autonomous (secure): Describe childhood and parents objectively, regardless of the nature of experiences.
Dismissing (avoidant): Defensively distance themselves from emotional content, normalize harsh experiences.
Preoccupied (anxious): Confused and ambivalent toward parents, emotionally overwhelmed.
Unresolved: Unable to resolve feelings relating to trauma or loss.
What are the main findings regarding the stability of attachment over time?
Stability is generally modest and can be influenced by risk status.
Early attachment experiences have a stable influence across the lifespan.
Attachment can change from insecure to secure with interventions.
Which factors are known to predict secure attachment in children?
Parental responsiveness, sensitivity, and appropriate expectations
Consistent and timely parental responses
Secure attachment style of the parent
Which of the following are methods used to measure attachment beyond infancy?
Behavioral observations
Representational measures like story-stem paradigms
Adult Attachment Interview (AAI)
What significance does attachment have for child development according to attachment theory?
Early attachment influences later social competence and mental health.
Attachment helps in the development of self-regulation skills.
Early attachment relationships provide templates for future relationships.
Attachment reduces stress through proximity-seeking behaviors.
You observe a parent interacting with their child. Which of the following behaviors would indicate the parent is acting as a socializing agent?
The parent demonstrates a task while the child watches.
The parent uses facial expressions to show approval or disapproval.
The parent guides the child through a social interaction with another child.
In a childcare setting, which behaviors would you look for to identify early signs of active participation as a social partner in infants?
An infant mimics the actions of their caregiver.
An infant looks at the caregiver's facial expressions for cues in new situations.
An infant reacts to the caregiver's emotional expressions during the visual cliff experiment.
While evaluating a child's attachment style, which of the following observations would indicate a secure attachment?
The child seeks comfort from their caregiver when distressed.
The child cries when separated from the caregiver but is easily comforted upon reunion.
The child shows consistent proximity-seeking behaviors.
In observing different phases of attachment development, which behaviors would you expect to see in a 6-month-old infant?
The infant shows a preference for primary caregivers over strangers.
The infant displays goal-corrected behaviors to maintain proximity to the caregiver.
The infant uses the caregiver as a secure base from which to explore.
The infant shows separation anxiety when the caregiver leaves.
During a Strange Situation procedure, which behaviors would indicate a disorganized attachment?
The infant exhibits contradictory behaviors towards the caregiver, such as approaching but looking away.
The infant displays overt signs of fear towards the caregiver.
The infant displays stereotypic or jerky movements when the caregiver returns.
When assessing attachment quality in a classroom setting, which factors should you consider to determine variations in attachment among students?
The responsiveness and sensitivity of teachers to the students' needs.
The students' temperament and individual differences.
The consistency and appropriateness of teachers' responses to students.
The cultural background of the students and their families.
In a parent-child playgroup, which behaviors would indicate a child has a secure attachment to their parent?
The child uses the parent as a base to explore new toys.
The child shows distress when the parent leaves the room.
The child actively seeks the parent's comfort when upset.
During an Adult Attachment Interview (AAI), which responses would indicate an adult has an unresolved attachment style?
The adult displays confusion and disorientation when discussing past trauma or loss.
The adult distances themselves from emotional content, normalizing harsh experiences.
The adult idealizes their parents despite describing difficult childhood experiences.
If you were designing an intervention program to promote secure attachment in at-risk children, which strategies would be most effective based on research findings?
Training parents to respond promptly and consistently to their children's needs.
Providing emotional support and resources to parents to reduce stress and improve caregiving.
Facilitating positive parent-child interactions through guided play and communication exercises.
Which methods would you use to assess attachment in older children and adolescents?
Observing behavioral interactions with caregivers.
Using story-stem paradigms or doll-play scenarios.
Analyzing responses to hypothetical scenarios about relationships.
In a study examining the significance of early attachment for later development, which findings would support attachment theory?
Children with secure attachments show higher social competence with peers.
Securely attached children have fewer internalizing symptoms like anxiety and depression.
Insecurely attached children are more likely to display externalizing behaviors like aggression.
In observing parent-child interactions, which behaviors demonstrate that parents are effective socializing agents?
The parent models appropriate behavior for the child to observe and imitate.
The parent gives clear social signals through facial expressions and tone of voice.
The parent actively manages and guides the child's interactions with peers.
Which of the following are examples of early signs that an infant is actively participating as a social partner?
The infant imitates the caregiver's actions during play.
The infant uses social referencing to understand unfamiliar situations.
The infant shows distress when the caregiver leaves but is easily comforted upon return.
Which of the following behaviors are indicative of attachment in infants?
Seeking proximity to the caregiver when frightened.
Crying and clinging to the caregiver when separated.
Using the caregiver as a secure base for exploration.
During which phase of attachment development would you expect a 6-month-old infant to exhibit secure base behavior?
Secure Base Behavior (6 months and older)
Which characteristics define the goal-corrected partnership phase of attachment development?
Beginning around 3 years of age.
Child and caregiver negotiate attachment needs collabo
Language and cognitive development allow understanding of others' perspectives.
Which observations during the Strange Situation procedure would indicate a secure attachment?
The infant is distressed by the caregiver's absence but is easily comforted upon reunion.
The infant uses the caregiver as a secure base to explore the environment.
Which behaviors are characteristic of a child with insecure-avoidant attachment?
The child shows little distress during separation.
The child avoids or ignores the caregiver upon reunion.
The child engages in exploration without seeking the caregiver's proximity.
When conducting an Adult Attachment Interview (AAI), which responses would indicate a dismissing (avoidant) attachment style?
The adult idealizes parents despite describing difficult childhood experiences.
The adult normalizes harsh experiences and minimizes their impact.
The adult is unable to recall specific childhood memories.
Which methods are used to assess attachment in older children and adolescents?
Behavioral observations during interactions with caregivers.
Story-stem paradigms and doll-play scenarios.
Hypothetical scenarios about relationships.
What factors contribute to the stability or change in attachment styles over time?
Consistent and sensitive caregiving.
Interventions aimed at improving caregiver-child relationships.
Environmental changes and stressors.
Which parental behaviors are associated with the development of secure attachment in children?
Sensitivity to the child's cues.
Consistent and appropriate responses to the child's needs.
Being emotionally available and attuned to the child.
Which findings support the claim that early attachment significantly impacts later social competence and mental health?
Securely attached children show higher levels of social competence.
Secure attachment is linked to fewer internalizing symptoms like anxiety and depression.
Which factors are most influential in predicting secure attachment in children?
Prompt and consistent parental responses.
Emotional availability and sensitivity of the parent.
Which methods do scientists use to assess the quality of infants' and children's attachment relationships?
behavioural observations based on the separation-reunion paradigm
story-stem completion tasks
parent reported questionnaires
child-attachment interview
child self-report questionnaire
Which of the listed cognitive developmental milestones is/are associated with infants starting to exhibit separation anxiety?
object permanence
Meta-analytic studies of the significance of early attachment for later development demonstrate that:
Effects are modest to moderate across time.
Early parent-child attachments appear to have the strongest implications for later social, interpersonal relations, and important but comparatively weaker implications for psychopathology.
The effects are enduring across time.
Which of the statements below are consistent with attachment theoretical notions?
Infants aged around 3 to 6 months old typically aim their attachment behaviours at people who regularly take care of them.
Infants of around 6 months or older begin to show secure base behaviour.
Attachment experiences are encoded into internal cognitive structures of self, others, and relationships.
Which proposed mechanisms help explain how early attachment experiences shape later socio-emotional development?
regulation of stress and arousal
internal working model
Correct stability of the quality and characteristics of the parent-child relationship across childhood and adolescence