language development
Which of the following challenges are involved in learning a language as a young child?
Discovering the internal structure of the language system
Learning tens of thousands of units (words)
Understanding how to use a finite set of sounds to create an infinite number of sentences
Correctly assembling an infinite number of combinations (sentences)
Which milestones in language development typically occur within the first four years?
Reduplicated babbling at 6 months
First word at 12 months
Two-word combinations at 2 years
Multiword utterances at 3 years
Language development in children requires which of the following?
Comprehension
Production
What components of language must children learn?
Phonology
Semantics
Grammar
Pragmatics
Which of the following theories explain language development?
Learning perspective
Nativist perspective
Interactionist perspective
What does the nativist perspective suggest about language development?
Humans are biologically programmed to acquire language
Language Acquisition Device (LAD) exists
Language development is too complex to be learned solely from the environment
According to the interactionist perspective, which factors contribute to language development?
Biological maturation
Cognitive development
Linguistic environment
What are key features of early speech perception in infants?
Infants can process sounds in the womb
Infants discriminate between different phonemes at 1-2 months
Infants' ability to discriminate phonemes from other languages declines after 6-12 months
Which of the following factors facilitate language development?
Broca's area and Wernicke's area in the brain
Sensitive periods for language acquisition
Child-directed speech
Playing non-verbal games like peek-a-boo
What are characteristics of child-directed speech?
Higher pitched voice
Exaggerated facial expressions
Short and simple sentences
Repetition and more eye contact
Which of the following are typical of early speech production in infants?
Cooing and laughing at 1 month
Babbling and vocal play at 4-6 months
Canonical babbling at 6-10 months
What are some characteristics of the first words produced by infants?
Receptive language is evident before expressive language
First words are used consistently in the presence of objects or situations
Vocabulary spurt occurs between 16-24 months
Overextension of word meanings
Holophrases used for entire phrases
Which of the following describe the early vocabulary growth in children?
Significant increase in the number of words before the second birthday
Children learn nouns first
Vocabulary growth is facilitated by social interactions
What factors are associated with the development of grammar in young children?
Vocabulary size correlates with sentence complexity
Telegraphic speech ceases around 2-3 years
Overregularization occurs around 3-4 years
Use of conjunctions starts around 3-4 years
What social factors influence vocabulary development according to Hart & Risley (1995)?
Frequency of parental interaction
Socioeconomic status
Quality of child-directed speech
Which statements are true regarding the role of experience in language learning?
Child-directed speech helps infants learn words more effectively
Infants learn best through interaction with caregivers rather than videos
Playing non-verbal games aids in language development
Consistent exposure to multiple languages can enhance cognitive flexibility
Consider a 6-month-old infant who is just beginning to engage in reduplicated babbling. Which activities would be appropriate to support this stage of language development?
Playing repetitive sound games with the infant
Encouraging the infant to imitate sounds
Engaging in turn-taking games like peek-a-boo
A 3-year-old child frequently asks "Why?" and forms complex sentences. What developmental milestones has this child likely achieved?
Use of multiword utterances
Understanding and forming questions
Basic comprehension of conversational principles
Beginning to use grammar rules like plurals and tenses
Parents want to encourage their 2-year-old's language development. Which of the following actions should they take?
Engage in regular conversations using simple sentences
Read to the child daily, using books with repetitive phrases
Encourage the child to ask questions and express needs verbally
A speech therapist is assessing a 4-year-old child. Which indicators would suggest typical language development?
Ability to form sentences with embedded clauses
Frequent use of overregularization in speech
Ability to understand and use conjunctions like "and" and "but"
A teacher is designing activities for a classroom of 18-month-olds. Which activities would best support their language development at this stage?
Singing songs with repetitive lyrics
Playing naming games with common objects
Encouraging two-word combinations during play
Parents notice that their 12-month-old recognizes and responds to familiar words but does not yet speak. Which strategies should they use to support expressive language development?
Use child-directed speech with exaggerated expressions
Play interactive games that require vocal responses
Read books with large, colorful pictures and simple words
Sing songs and nursery rhymes regularly
A researcher is studying how infants perceive speech sounds. What findings would support the idea that infants are ready to learn any language?
Infants can discriminate between different phonemes by 1-2 months
Infants show a preference for the language spoken by their parents
Infants' ability to discriminate phonemes across languages declines by 6-12 months
A child raised in a bilingual household is beginning to show signs of language mixing. Which of the following are normal and beneficial outcomes of bilingual language development?
The child may use words from both languages in a single sentence
The child might take longer to reach certain language milestones compared to monolingual peers
The child will eventually sort out the two languages and use them appropriately
The child is more likely to have a larger combined vocabulary from both languages
A 4-year-old is showing difficulty in language production following a brain injury. Which areas of the brain are likely affected?
Broca's area
Left hemisphere
Parents of a 2-year-old are concerned about their child's language development. What signs would suggest a need for further evaluation by a professional?
The child does not respond to their name by 12 months
The child has not begun using two-word combinations by 24 months
The child shows no interest in interactive games like peek-a-boo
The child can understand simple commands but does not speak
Which strategies would support language development in infants according to the interactionist perspective?
Engaging in conversations with the infant, even before they can respond verbally
Providing a rich linguistic environment with varied vocabulary
Encouraging play that involves both verbal and non-verbal communication
In a classroom setting, how can a teacher facilitate language development based on the learning perspective?
Reinforcing grammatically correct speech by praising students
Modeling correct language use during lessons
Allowing students to interact and imitate each other's speech
Providing structured drills to practice language rules
A caregiver is playing pat-a-cake with a toddler. How does this activity contribute to language development?
Teaching turn-taking
Reinforcing verbal and non-verbal communication
Helping the child recognize patterns in sounds and actions
Providing a context for the child to learn new vocabulary
What outcomes might be expected if a child experiences significant language exposure only after the age of 7, based on the sensitive periods theory?
Difficulty in acquiring native-like pronunciation
Reduced ability to learn complex grammatical structures
Limited vocabulary development compared to peers exposed earlier
A parent reports that their child uses overextensions, such as calling all four-legged animals "doggy." What does this indicate about the child's language development?
The child is actively experimenting with language
The child lacks understanding of specific categories
Which of the following are examples of child-directed speech?
High pitched voice
Exaggerated facial expressions
Repetition
Melodic speaking style
Simple words and phrases
The Newport and Johnson (1989) study suggests which of the following are true?
The ability to learn languages declines after children reach the age of approximately 7.
Before the age of 7, children can learn a second language with similar proficiency to native speakers.
Which of the following phrases would be typical of the holophrase period?
""gone"" instead of ""daddy has gone""
""ball"" instead of ""I want the ball""
Amy consistently refers to all forms of transport as "car". This is an example of:
Overextension
Which of the following are examples of telegraphic speeech?
""Mummy sleep""
""Want ball""
"Whole object constraint" refers to the idea that
Children expect that a word will always refer to a whole object
Which of the following are associated with the nativist perspective on language acquisition?
Language acquisition device
The role of nature in language acquisition
Critical periods
Universal grammar