- The response for non-specific is immediate while the response for specific is slower and takes roughly 2-3 weeks
- The response for non-specific is the same for all pathogens while the response for specific is specific to each pathogen
ADD ANSWER
- Body responds immediately by 'recognising' the pathogen and by phagocytosis
- The delay is in building numbers of lymphocytes and THEREFORE CONTROLLING THE PATHOGEN
A microorganism that causes disease
Specific and non-specific
The body is better prepared to destroy a pathogen the next time it experiences it.
An organism or susbtance, usually a protein that can be recognised as foreign by the immune system and therefore stimulates an immune response
- Both are types of white blood cells
- Both produces from stem cells in the bone marrow
- T cells mature in the thymus gland while B cells mature in the bone marrow
- T cells are involved in cell mediated immunity while B cells are involved in humoral immunity
- The virus infects the lungs
-Leading to massive production of T cells
- Accumulation of these cells may block the airways/ fill the alveoli
- Which May cause suffocation
- Birds carry the H5N1 virus and they can fly vast distances across the world in a very short space of time
- In the primary response, the antigens on the pathogen have to be ingested, processed and presented by B cells;
- They then need to divide by mitosis to produce plasma cells and memory cells;
- Whereas in the secondary immune response, memory cells are already present;
- so the only process is dividing by mitosis to produce plasma cells and memory cells this means a quicker response
Types of cells
- Cell mediated involves T cells whereas humoral involves mostly B cells
Antibodies
- No antibodies involved in cell mediated , antibodies are produced and secreted in humoral (by plasma cells)
Stage of immune response
- Cell mediated is the first stage of immune response and humoral is the second stage of immune response after cell- mediated stage
Effective where
- Cell mediated is effector through body cells; whereas humoral is effective through bodily fluids
- RER and ribosomes = make and transport the proteins of the antibodies
- Golgi apparatus = sort, process and compile the proteins
- Mitochondria = to release the energy needed for such as massive antibody production
- There must be a massive variety of antibodies as each responds to a different antigen, of which there are millions.
- Only proteins have the diversity of molecular structure to produce millions of different types
- Antigen is a molecule that triggers an immune response by lymphocytes
- An antibody is the molecule that has the complementary structure shape to the antigen and is produced in response to it
- Argument in favour = removes risks of healthy volunteers being harmed and terminally ill patients have most to gain and less to lose
- Argument against = response of terminally ill might be different from those in the early stages of the disease and results therefore could be unreliable as the sample size is likely to be smaller
Active Immunity: Individuals are stimulated to produce their own antibodies and the immunity is long-lasting
Passive Immunity: Antibodies are introduced from outside rather than being produced by the individual and the immunity is only short-lived
- Influenza viruses can display antigenic variability
- its antigens change frequently due to virus mutating frequently
- and so antibodies of the immune system no longer recognise the virus
- Therfore new vaccines are require to stimulate the antibodies that complement the new antigens
- The protective covering of the eye, and especially the tear ducts are potential entry points for pathogens
- The eyes are vulnerable to infection because the coverings are thin to allow light through
- Lysozyme will break down the cell walls of any bacterial pathogens
- And so destroy them before they can cause harm
- It possesses both RNA and reverse transcriptase
- Which can make DNA from RNA
- A reaction that is reverse and is carried out by transcriptase
- HIV is a virus (human immunodeficiency virus)
- AIDS (aquired immunodeficiency syndrome) describes the condition caused by an infection with HIV
- widespread condom use prevents HIV infection
- reduces AIDS development and immune system impairment
- higher TB risk in AIDS patients
- impaired immune systems, like AIDS, increase TB vulnerability and transmission
- There must be a massive variety of antibodies as each responds to a different antigen, of which there are millions.
- Only proteins have the diversity of molecular structure to produce millions of different types.
- It will affect the lipid component of the membrane
- Causing them to develop holes
- When the detergent is washed out, membranes will reform sometimes in combination with those of the cells adjacent
-To ensure the B cells and tumour cells are repeatedly coming into physical contact
-This is essential if they are to fuse
- Because B cells cannot survive outside body long and do not divide outside he body
- Tumour cells are long lived and divide outside the body
- Using both of them lead to long-lasting B cells that can be grown outside the body
- Cells can sometimes form membranes with neighbouring cells
- e.g., B cells with other B cells
- e.g.,tumour Cells with other tumour Cells
- Because monoclonal antibodies from mouse tissue will be recognised as foreign (non-self) and will be destroyed by human antibodies if not humanised
- Introduction of antigen into humans could cause a reaction/ disease that could be dangerous
- The antigen could stimulate an over response of the immune system
- MMR vaccine is given around 12-15 months
- The same time as autism symptoms appear
- It might present the findings in an incomplete biased fashion
- or ignore unfavourable findings (eg risks to an individual )
- Fund only further research that seems likely to produce the evidence that its seeks rather than investigating all possible outcomes
- Withdraw funding for research that seems likely to produce unfavourable findings
- To be universally accepted, as a scientific theory if must first critically appraised and confirmed by other scientists in the field the confirmation of a theory takes time peer reviewed
- Scientists personal beliefs, views and opinions may influence the way they approach or represent their research
- the facts, as presented by media headline writers, companies, governments and other organisations, may have been biased or distorted to suit their own interest
- New knowledge may challenge accepted scientists beliefs; theories are being modified all the time