hydraulics 3
251. What does the hydraulic gradient represent?
The ratio of head loss to the length of flow
252. What can the piezometric gradient be in a fluid system?
Positive, zero, or negative
253. What is the line that connects the liquid levels in piezometers called?
Piezometric line
254. What is the line that connects the liquid levels in velocity tubes called?
Total head line
255. Where does the starting point of the total head line lie when atmospheric pressure exists on the free surface of the liquid in the supply reservoir?
On the free surface
256. When does the piezometric line converge to the axis in the final section of the flow?
When the liquid discharges into the atmosphere
257. With a constant pipe diameter, what happens to the total head line (E-E) and the piezometric line (P-P)?
They are parallel
258. What determines whether the P-P line is descending or ascending in real fluid flow?
The diameter of different sections of the pipeline
259. Why is the application of Bernoulli's equation challenging in the case of fluid flow?
It assumes uniform velocity distribution
260. In a real fluid, what does the coefficient α (kinetic energy coefficient) represent?
The ratio of kinetic energy with actual velocity distribution to average flow velocity
261. In Bernoulli's equation, which type of fluid flow is assumed for its application?
Ideal fluid with no viscosity
262. What contributes to losses of mechanical energy in real fluids due to friction within the liquid and against the channel walls?
Viscosity
263. What does the hydraulic gradient represent in fluid dynamics?
The ratio of head loss to the length of flow
264. What is the possible range of values for the piezometric gradient in a fluid system?
Positive, zero, or negative
265. What happens to the piezometric line when the flow discharges into the atmosphere?
It converges to the axis
266. In a real fluid system with varying pipe diameters, what can be said about the relationship between the P-P line and the E-E line?
They intersect
267. What type of flow is challenging for the application of Bernoulli's equation?
Non-uniform velocity distribution
268. In real fluid flow, what does the coefficient α (kinetic energy coefficient) relate to?
The ratio of kinetic energy with actual velocity distribution to average flow velocity
269. When applying Bernoulli's equation to fluid flow, what does the term "head" represent?
Mechanical energy per unit weight of fluid
270. What does the hydraulic gradient describe in fluid dynamics?
The overall energy loss in the system
271. In a real fluid, the losses of mechanical energy due to friction are converted into which form?
Heat
272. What happens to the piezometric line in a real fluid system that discharges "below the level" into a receiving reservoir?
It intersects the free surface of the liquid
273. In the case of steady flow of a real fluid, how does the total head line E-E behave?
It remains a straight line
274. What is the primary factor that determines whether the P-P line in real fluid flow is descending or ascending?
Pipe diameter variations
275. In real fluid flow, what aspect makes the application of Bernoulli's equation challenging?
Non-uniform velocity distribution
276. The coefficient α (kinetic energy coefficient) is used in real fluid flow to account for:
Variation in fluid velocities within the live section
277. What principle does the fundamental equation of hydrostatics express?
The equilibrium of forces in static fluids
278. Bernoulli's equation is concerned with which aspect of fluid motion?
Conservation of mechanical energy
279. What does the change in kinetic energy of a system during displacement depend on?
Both internal and external forces
280. Why is the work of internal forces zero in an ideal incompressible fluid?
Internal forces don't perform work
281. What is the external force responsible for in fluid dynamics?
Balancing the internal forces
282. In Bernoulli's equation, what is the result of the pressure forces from the walls of the stream?
They perform no work
283. When the cross-sectional area of a stream increases, what happens to the velocity and pressure?
Velocity decreases and pressure increases
284. In real fluids, what contributes to the loss of mechanical energy in fluid flow?
Friction within the liquid
285. What does the term "head" represent from a physical perspective in Bernoulli's equation?
Mechanical energy per unit weight of the fluid
286. What does the hydraulic gradient describe in fluid dynamics?
The overall energy loss in the system
287. What is the primary outcome of losses of mechanical energy in real fluids due to friction?
Transformation into heat
288. In fluid dynamics, what is the purpose of the piezometric gradient?
To represent specific potential energy
289. How does the piezometric line behave in a real fluid system discharging into a receiving reservoir with atmospheric pressure on the free surface?
It intersects the free surface of the liquid
290. In steady flow of real fluid, what is the behavior of the total head line E-E?
It remains a straight line
291. What determines the direction of the P-P line in real fluid flow?
The pipe diameter
292. In fluid flow, what makes the application of Bernoulli's equation challenging?
Non-uniform velocity distribution
293. What is the coefficient α used for in real fluid flow calculations?
To correct for variations in fluid velocity
294. Which equation describes the flow of an ideal fluid stream?
The Bernoulli equation for an ideal fluid stream
295. What is the purpose of a piezometer in fluid mechanics?
Measuring pressure
296. When a fluid has a velocity, which type of head is associated with it?
Velocity head
297. What device combines a Pitot tube and a piezometer?
Prandtl tube
298. What is the purpose of the Venturi tube in a pipeline?
Measuring the flow rate or velocity of liquids and gases
299. In which range of pipeline diameters is the Venturi tube typically used?
Between 50 mm and 1400 mm
300. How is the fluid flow rate determined using the Venturi tube?
By measuring the pressure drop (Δp)