module 6 final exam review : skeletal and muscular systems
what part of the skeleton supports the body?
legs and pelvic girdle
what does the skull protect?
the brain
what does the ribcage protect?
heart, lugs, diaphragm, liver, kidneys, and part of the stomach
where are blood vessels produced and by what?
blood vessels are produced in the red bone marrow by stem cells
what stores minerals (calcium and phosphate) and fat?
the bones of the skeleton
what allows for movement by attaching muscles to bones?
tendons
what consists of the axial skeleton?
vertebrae, skull, chest and ribs - midline of body
what consists of the appendicular skeleton?
shoulders, pelvis, and upper and lower limbs - limbs and their girdles
how many types of bone are there?
2
what are the types of bones?
spongy and compact bone
what is the compact bone composed of?
the compact bone is composed of osteons with a central canal containing blood vessels
what are osteons?
functional units of the compact bone
where is compact bone found?
found in diaphysis (middle portion)
in what part of the compact bone is the yellow marrow contained?
medullary cavity
what are osteocytes?
bone cells
where are osteocytes located?
they lie in concentric circles
around central canal called lacunae
what is spongy bone made of?
its made of plates of bone called trabeculae
what are the spaces in the spongy bone filled with?
red bone marrow
how are the osteocytes in the spongy bone?
irregular spacing of octeocytes and disorganized
where is spongy bone found?
found in the epiphysis - ends of long bone
is spongy bone lighter or heavier in weight?
lighter in weight
what are the classification of bones?
long, short, flat, irregular, and sesamoid bone
how many types of bone cells are there?
3
what are the types of bone cells?
osteoblasts, osteoclasts and osteocytes
what are osteoblasts?
Bone-forming cells
what are osteocytes?
bone cells that maintain bone structure derived from osteoblasts
what are osetoclasts?
bone-absorbing cells (break down bone)
what is the diaphysis?
shaft of the bone made of the compact bone and filled with yellow marrow
what is epiphysis?
ends of the bone and filled with red bone marrow
what is an articular cartilage?
transparent cartilage found on the ends of long bones
what is red bone marrow and what does it do?
it produces red blood cells and its found in spongy and flat bones
what is yellow bone marrow and what does it do?
found in the medullary cavity and it stores fat
what is the periosteum?
outer covering of fibrous connective tissue and its living
what are ligaments?
dense connective tissue that connects bone to bone
what is osteoporosis?
when bones are weakened due to a decreased bone mass
by what age does bone absorption exceed bone absorption?
age 40
what can osteoporosis lead to?
fractures and other complications
how can osteoporosis be treated?
it can be treated with drugs, hormones and lifestyle change
how many types of muscle tissue are there
3
what are the types of muscle tissue?
smooth, cardiac and skeletal muscle
where is the cardiac muscle located?
heart
where is the smooth muscle located?
blood vessels, digestive tract, bronchial tubes
where is the skeletal muscle located?
connected to bones or skin
what are skeletal muscle functions?
- produces body moevements
- stabilizes body position and posture
- enables movement of internal organs
- regulates blood flow
- produces heat
what is the plasma membrane called?
sarcolemma
what is the cytoplasm called?
sarcoplasm
what is the SER of a muscle cell called?
sarcoplasmic reticulum
do skeletal muscle cells undergo cell division (mitosis)?
no
whats the word or when existing muscle cells get larger?
hypertrophy
what are the 2 muscle attachments?
origin and insertion
what is the origin attachment?
attachment of a muscle on a stationary bone
what is the insertion attachment?
attachment of a muscle on a bone that moves
what are the 3 actions of the muscle?
agonist, antagonistic and synergistic
what is the antagonistic action?
muscles that work in opposite pairs
what is the agonist action?
main muscle causing contraction
what is the synergistic action?
muscles working in groups for a common action
what is ATP?
the source of energy for use and storage at the cellular level
what are 3 things muscle used to make ATP?
glycogen, triglycerides and creatine phosphate
what happens when these glucose and fatty acids are depleted?
they will move into the muscle cell
what are 3 sources of ATP?
creatine phosphate pathway (CP), fermentation and cellular respiration
whats the fastest way to acquire ATP but only sustains a cell for seconds and builds up when the muscle is resting?
creatine phosphate pathway
what is fast-acting but results in lactate build (anaerobic)?
fermentation
what is not an immediate source of ATP but the best long term source?
Cellular respiration
what is anaerobic?
something without oxygen
what is aerobic?
something with oxygen
name 5 muscle diseases
fibromyalgia, myalgia, muscular dystrophy, Myasthenia Gravis, and Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)
what is fibromyalgia?
chronic achy muscles that is not well understood
what is myalgia?
muscle aches, often due to viral infection or overuse
what is Muscular dystrophy?
group of genetic disorders in which muscles progressively degenrate and weaken