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End of term2

At what Reynolds number (Re) does the transition from laminar to turbulent flow occur?

Re = 2300

What equations were used for the derivation of Poiseuille's resistance law?

Navier-Stokes equations

When is Poiseuille's law violated according to experience?

At high Reynolds numbers (Re)

What happens in turbulent flow conditions when Reynolds number (Re) exceeds 2300?

Different resistance laws come into play

When did the problem of turbulence emerge?

19th century

What did the theoretical law (Poiseuille) predict in terms of resistance?

Resistance proportional to the first power of velocity

What method is used to observe continuous mixing of fluid masses in turbulent flow?

Lagrangian method

What is inherently unsteady in nature in turbulent motion?

All of the above

What remains constant in turbulent motion despite apparent disorder in velocity changes?

The average value of velocity over time

What are time-averaged values of velocities or stresses commonly referred to as?

Averaged values

What is the term for the difference between the true velocity at a point and the time-averaged velocity?

Pulsational velocity

What term is used for the velocities measured at a certain point using conventional instruments, practically
not detecting pulsations?

Mean velocities

According to Reynolds, what did the idealization of fluid motion lead to?

Open system of equations

What is one of the seven Millennium Prize Problems related to in fluid dynamics?

Poincaré conjecture

What is the term for turbulence theories that are derived from experiments?

Empirical theories

What layer near the wall is assumed to exist in turbulent flow in a round-section pipe?

Laminar sublayer

How is turbulent flow in the pipe schematically represented according to the two-layer model?

Turbulent core and laminar sublayer

What phenomenon is considered impossible near the wall in turbulent flow, leading to the assumption of a
laminar sublayer?

Mixing

How many components does the two-layer model of turbulent flow consist of?

Two

What is the first component of the two-layer model of turbulent flow?

Turbulent core

What is the second component of the two-layer model of turbulent flow?

Laminar sublayer

What does Reynolds propose not to consider when looking at time-averaged idealized behavior?

Pulsations

What does Reynolds replace the actual velocity and pressure variables within the time-averaged Navier￾Stokes equations?

Time-averaged velocities and pressures

What does the solution of the time-averaged Navier-Stokes equations represent?

Steady-state conditions

What arises due to the idealization of fluid motion, leading to the need to relate pulsations to time￾averaged quantities?

Chaos in fluid motion

What is the term for theories of turbulence that rely on new hypotheses about the mechanism of fluid
motion?

Semi-empirical theories

Which hypothesis among McCavrey, Prandtl, Karman, Taylor, Friedman, and others closes the system of
equations?

Friedman's hypothesis

How many partial differential equations does Friedman's hypothesis reduce the system to?

Twenty

What is considered impossible near the wall in turbulent flow in a round-section pipe?

Mixing

What is the term for the laminar layer near the wall in turbulent flow, as assumed in the two-layer model?

Laminar sublayer

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