problems: absence of democracy, ethnic conflict between french and english solutions: responsible government, assimilate the french by uniting the two colonies
Act of Union
Formed the Province of Canada (United Canadas)
Equal representation: LC’s pop was greater than UC’s
Amalgamation of debt: UC’s debt was greater than that of LC’s
English as the official language in Parliament
Lafontaine and Baldwin
Responsible Government
Executive council is now made up of elected members from the Legislative Assembly = more democratic
Law that helped Canadians who suffered losses after the rebellions
Parliament building was set on fire
Liberals: Brown & Dorion
Conservatives: MacDonald & Cartier
Equal rep: # of representatives in Parliament are equal for UC & LC
Proportional: # of representatives is based on their populations (bigger population = more representation)
Protectionism: higher tariffs on products not coming from their colonies (protecting the colony’s economy) - want people to buy from your colonies.
Economic liberalism: free trade / no tariffs
Their exports decrease
Stimulates their economy (exports increase)
The American Civil War
Needed a new trade partner - looked to other British North American colonies (Atlantic colonies)
Political: Series of minority governments
Economic: Need to find new exports
Military: fear of American invasion
Federal union with other British North American colonies
MacDonald, Brown, Cartier
Against: Dorion
Charlottetown conference: agreed to a federal union
Quebec conference: 72 Resolutions
Colonies reactions: PEI and Newfoundland
London conference: Signing of the British North America Act
Ontario, Quebec, New Brunswick, Nova Scotia
Improved production techniques (mechanization)
Shift from wheat to other crops (potatoes, peas, oats, barley, tobacco)
It required few employees, year round, product diversification (milk, butter, cream, cheese, butter)
Was abolished in 1854, now farmers and businesses could purchase private property
Reciprocity treaty with the US, creation of railway and canal networks, urbanization in Canada
Outaouais, Mauricie, Saguenay
Growth of industry
Development of the urban areas, increase in population
Causes: factories, more job opportunities
cramped , unsafe, unsanitary
Low wages, long hours, unsafe, women were paid less than men
Demanded better working conditions, pay, hours
Ultramontanism: Believed that the pope should have absolute power of the state
Anticlericalism: People who did not believe that the church should interfere in politics and social life
Ultramontanism
Preserving french culture and identity
Taking care of their children, their homes, domestic labour
They were deprived of the right to vote
Women had no legal power, they were treated like children
Rural Exodus
Lack of agricultural land, more job opportunities in the city (urban areas)
Move to cities, move to the US, move to other regions in Quebec
New England
Bas-St-Laurent, Saguenay, Lanaudière, Laurentiens
The difference between the number of immigrants and emigrants.
Neg: more people (emigrating) leaving
Pos: more people immigrating (entering
Logging
1840-1867: England, Ireland, Scotland 1867-1896: russians, ukrainians, hungarians, romanians
Economic depression
Jobs were scarce, high unemployment, low wages, business went bankrupt
Increase Tariffs, build the intercolonial Railway, increase Immigration
Mercier (Quebec premier) - why? To defend provincial autonomy
Goal: lessen federal interference
The federal government were trying to colonize their land without Metis permission.
Leader of the Metis during the rebellions
5th province was created (Manitoba)
Recognized indigenous land, language and culture
They were still settling on their land (did not honor the Manitoba Act)
Louis Riel was hanged
British Columbia - 1871
PEI - 1873
Plots of land reserved for Indigenous people
To assimilate the indigenous people - to disenfranchise them (force them to give up their Indian status)
To assimilate the children - force them to give up their language, culture