chapter 1 test grade 10
1839 - Lord Durham report - what were the two problems and two solutions that he identified in his report?
problems: absence of democracy, ethnic conflict between french and english solutions: responsible government, assimilate the french by uniting the two colonies
1840 - name of the 4th constitution? Formed which territory?
Act of Union
Formed the Province of Canada (United Canadas)
Problems with the Act of Union:
Equal representation: LC’s pop was greater than UC’s
Amalgamation of debt: UC’s debt was greater than that of LC’s
English as the official language in Parliament
1842 - Alliance of Reformers - who formed this alliance? And what did they want?
Lafontaine and Baldwin
Responsible Government
1848 - Responsible Government - what was the key difference from the structure before it?
Executive council is now made up of elected members from the Legislative Assembly = more democratic
1849 - Rebellion Losses Bill - what was it? What happened as a consequence
Law that helped Canadians who suffered losses after the rebellions
Parliament building was set on fire
Political parties: who formed the Conservatives and the Liberals?
Liberals: Brown & Dorion
Conservatives: MacDonald & Cartier
Equal representation vs. Proportional representation - what was the difference?
Equal rep: # of representatives in Parliament are equal for UC & LC
Proportional: # of representatives is based on their populations (bigger population = more representation)
Protectionism vs. economic liberalism - what’s the difference?
Protectionism: higher tariffs on products not coming from their colonies (protecting the colony’s economy) - want people to buy from your colonies.
Economic liberalism: free trade / no tariffs
1846 - UK adopts free trade - how does this affect the economy of the Province of Canada?
Their exports decrease
1854 - Reciprocity Treaty with United States - how does this affect the economy of the Province of Canada?
Stimulates their economy (exports increase)
What was a cause for its non-renewal?
The American Civil War
What was a consequence of the non-renewal on the Province of Canada?
Needed a new trade partner - looked to other British North American colonies (Atlantic colonies)
What problems was the Province of Canada facing in 1864?
Political: Series of minority governments
Economic: Need to find new exports
Military: fear of American invasion
What was the proposed solution?
Federal union with other British North American colonies
1864 - Great Coalition - who was for a federal union? Who was against?
MacDonald, Brown, Cartier
Against: Dorion
1864 - Key features of each conference:
Charlottetown conference: agreed to a federal union
Quebec conference: 72 Resolutions
Colonies reactions: PEI and Newfoundland
London conference: Signing of the British North America Act
1867 - Confederation - British North America Act (BNA Act) - Dominion of Canada map
Which were the first four provinces
Ontario, Quebec, New Brunswick, Nova Scotia
How did the farming industry change in the 19th century?
Improved production techniques (mechanization)
Shift from wheat to other crops (potatoes, peas, oats, barley, tobacco)
Dairy farming was booming - why?
It required few employees, year round, product diversification (milk, butter, cream, cheese, butter)
What happened to the seigneurial system?
Was abolished in 1854, now farmers and businesses could purchase private property
Causes for increased timber sales.
Reciprocity treaty with the US, creation of railway and canal networks, urbanization in Canada
Forest industry / sawmills opened up in which regions of Quebec?
Outaouais, Mauricie, Saguenay
What does “industrialization” mean?
Growth of industry
What is “urbanization”?
Development of the urban areas, increase in population
Causes for urbanization.
Causes: factories, more job opportunities
What were the working class neighbourhoods like?
cramped , unsafe, unsanitary
Working conditions?
Low wages, long hours, unsafe, women were paid less than men
What were unions formed for?
Demanded better working conditions, pay, hours
Know the difference between “ultramontanism” and “anticlericalism”.
Ultramontanism: Believed that the pope should have absolute power of the state
Anticlericalism: People who did not believe that the church should interfere in politics and social life
Which of the two ideologies was Monseigneur Bourget associated with?
Ultramontanism
What was “nationalism of survival”?
Preserving french culture and identity
What kinds of jobs could women have? How did their work differ from men?
Taking care of their children, their homes, domestic labour
What is “disenfranchisement”?
They were deprived of the right to vote
What was a woman’s legal status like in the 19th century?
Women had no legal power, they were treated like children
What phenomenon occurred which was characterized by a mass emigration of rural residents?
Rural Exodus
Causes of the rural exodus
Lack of agricultural land, more job opportunities in the city (urban areas)
Consequences for workers
Move to cities, move to the US, move to other regions in Quebec
Where in the US did many farmers go?
New England
What were the new settlement areas in Quebec?
Bas-St-Laurent, Saguenay, Lanaudière, Laurentiens
What is net migration? What does it mean to have a negative/positive net migration?
The difference between the number of immigrants and emigrants.
Neg: more people (emigrating) leaving
Pos: more people immigrating (entering
Which type of work/industry would supplement farming in the winter?
Logging
Where were the transatlantic immigrants from
1840-1867: England, Ireland, Scotland 1867-1896: russians, ukrainians, hungarians, romanians
What was the economic situation in Canada in 1873?
Economic depression
What were the consequences of this economic situation?
Jobs were scarce, high unemployment, low wages, business went bankrupt
National Policy - what were the three main components?
Increase Tariffs, build the intercolonial Railway, increase Immigration
1887 - Interprovincial conference - who organized this conference? Why? What was the goal?
Mercier (Quebec premier) - why? To defend provincial autonomy
Goal: lessen federal interference
1869 - Métis rebellion - why did the rebellion happen?
The federal government were trying to colonize their land without Metis permission.
Who was Louis Riel?
Leader of the Metis during the rebellions
Manitoba Act - what did this act recognize?
5th province was created (Manitoba)
Recognized indigenous land, language and culture
1885 - Second Métis rebellion - why did it happen? What was the outcome for Louis Riel?
They were still settling on their land (did not honor the Manitoba Act)
Louis Riel was hanged
1873 - Which provinces were now added to the Dominion of Canada?
British Columbia - 1871
PEI - 1873
What are Indian reserves?
Plots of land reserved for Indigenous people
1876 - Indian Act - what was the purpose of this act?
To assimilate the indigenous people - to disenfranchise them (force them to give up their Indian status)
Residential schools - what was the purpose?
To assimilate the children - force them to give up their language, culture