Unit 9: Key Terms
Structure of a skeletal muscle
blood vessels, nerves, connective tissue
Fiber
individual muscle cell
Endomysium
connective tissue layer that surrounds individual muscle cells (fibers)
Fasicle
a bundle of skeletal muscle fivers surrounded by perimysium
Perimysium
a connective tissue sheath that surrounds individual muscle fascicles
Epimysium
outer fibrous connective tissue wrapping surrounding (enclosed) fascicles
Fascia
most superficial connective tissue sheath: continuous with epimysium
Naming muscles
based on specific muscles appearance, size, or position
Naming muscles: Actions performed
flexors, extensors, adductors, abductors, levators
Functional Groups of muscles
take the cooperation of several individual muscles working as a group to perform the movement (action): roles of different muscles in a group
Agonists (prime movers)
provide most force for given muscle action
Antagonists
usually opposite side of bones and joint where they meet, opposite action of agonist
Synergists
aid agonists by supplying supplemental force, minimizing unwanted movement, helping stabilize joints
Fixators
also provide stabilizing force that anchors bone, provides movement efficiency and protection from injury due to unnecessary movements
Muscle origin and insertion
skeletal muscles begin and end at distinct anatomical locations
Origin
anchoring point on bone where skeletal muscle "originates from", typically not involved directly with movement of joint
Insertion
moving end of muscle whose tendon attaches to bone or other structures, usually on far side of joint
Lever System
3 components, load resistance, applied force that moves load, pivot point (fulcrum), changing configuration of these variables leads to lever classes
Superficial muscles: anterior view
head, shoulder, forearm, pelvis/thigh, leg, facial, neck, thorax, abdomen
Superficial muscles: posterior view
arm, forearm, leg, thigh, hip, shoulder, neck
Muscles of facial expression
occipitalis, epicranial aponeurosis, frontalis, orbicularis oculi, obicularis oris, platysma, zygomaticus minor and major, buccinator
Muscles of head
temporalis, maseter
Muscles of the neck
sternocleidomastoid, splenius capitis
Entrinsic Eye and Orbit muscles
each eye has six muscles attached to outer surface, allowing for quick and accurate movements, directing our vision
Four rectus muscles
superior, inferior, medial, lateral, named from straight line they take from origin to more anterior insertion
Superior and inferior oblique muscles
attach to eye at angle
Muscles of the vertebral column
critical for both locomotion and posture
Erector spinae
group of muscles along vertebral column and posterior ribs, mostly powerful extensors of the spine, also lateral bending and rotation
Erector spinae: spinalis
most medially situated muscle group on either side of vertebral column
Erector spinae: longissimus
just lateral to spinalis group
Erector Spinae: Iliocostalis
most lateral group
Quadratus lumborum
large, deep muscle, allowing the vertebral column to extend and bend laterally
Muscles of trunk
muscles grouped together by anatomical proximity, function, or both
Muscles of respiration
diaphragm, internal intercostals, and external intercostals
Abdominal muscles
rectus sheath, rectus abdominis, linea alba, internal oblique, transversus abdominis, external oblique
Transverse abdominis
located under the obliques it is the deepest of the abdominal muscles and wraps around your spine for protection and stability
Internal abdominal oblique
located under the external obliques, running in opposite direction
External abdominal oblique
located on the side and front of the abdomen
Rectus abdominis
located along the front of the abdomen, most well know abdominal muscle, "six pack"
Muscles of shoulder and arm: anterior view, Deltoid
shoulder muscle
Muscles of shoulder and arm: anterior view, Pectoralis major
large, superficial
Muscles of shoulder and arm: anterior view: Pectoralis minor
smaller, more deep
Muscles of shoulder and arm: anterior view: Serratus anterior
lateral side of ribs, "serrated"
Muscles of shoulder and arm: anterior view: Coracobranchialis
goes from the coracoid process, to the arm region down
Muscles of shoulder and arm: Posterior view: Trapezius
looks like a trapezoid, neck and back muscle
Muscles of shoulder and arm: Posterior view: Latissimus dorsi
superficial back muscle
Muscles of shoulder and arm: Posterior view: Levator scapulae
elevate our scapulae, deep muscle
Muscles of shoulder and arm: Posterior view: Rhomboid minor
small, deep muscle, looks like a rhombus
Muscles of shoulder and arm: Posterior view: Rhomboid Major
large, deep muscle, looks like a rhombus
Arm muscles: Biceps brachii
2 heads, superficial to brachialis
Arm muscles: Brachialis
2 heads, deep to biceps brachii
Arm muscles: Triceps brachii
underside of arm, three heads
Arm muscles: Brachioradialis
runs from the brachii to the radius
Rotator cuff
supraspinatus, infraspinatus, teres minor and major
Wrist flexors of the anterior forearm
flexor carpi radialis, palmaris longus, flexor carpi ulnaris
Finger and thumb flexors (deep anterior forearm)
flexor digitorum superficialis
Forearm Pronators
pronator teres, pronator quadratus
Forearm supinater
supinator
Wrist extensors of posterior and lateral forearm
extensor carpi radialis longus, extensor carpi radialis brevis, extensor carpi ulnaris
Extensors of fingers and thumb
extensor digitorum
Muscles of thigh and leg: Psoas major
lumbar vertebrae-> femur, part of lliopsoas
Muscles of thigh and leg: lliacus
iliac crest -> femur, broad, part of the iliopsoas
Muscles of thigh and leg: Gluteus Maximus
superficial muscle
Muscles of thigh and leg: Gluteus medius
upper posterior butt muscle, lies under gluteus maximus
Muscles of thigh and leg: Gluteus minimus
deep muscle, smaller
Muscles of thigh and leg: Piriformis
behind the gluteus maximus, runs diagonally from the lower spine to the upper surface of the femur
Muscles of thigh and leg: Tensor fasciae latae
IT band, proximal anterolateral thigh
Muscles of thigh and leg: Pectineus
pubic bone to the femur
Muscles of the thigh and leg: Adductors: Adductor Brevis
short, lateral
Muscles of the thigh and leg: Adductors: Adductor Longus
longer, lies in the middle
Muscles of the thigh and leg: Adductors: Adductor Magnus
largest one, interior of thigh
Muscles of the thigh and leg: Gracilis
interior of thigh, most medial
Muscles of the thigh and leg: Sartorius
runs obliquely over the adductors and gracilis
Muscles of the thigh and leg: Hamstrings: Biceps Femoris
lateral, long and short head
Muscles of the thigh and leg: Hamstrings: Semitendinosus
superficicial to semimenbranosus
Muscles of the thigh and leg: Hamstrings: Semimembranosus
deep to semitendinosus
Quads Group: Rectus Femoris
most superficial
Quads Group: Vastus medialis
medial
Quads Group: Vastus lateralis
lateral
Quads Group: Vastus intermedius
deep to rectus femoris
Lower leg muscles: Tibialis Anterior
medial
Lower leg muscles: Extensor Hallucis longus
long, connects to the big toe
Lower leg muscles: Extensor digitorum longus
connects to digits, lateral
Calf muscle
gastrocnemius
Calf muscles: Soleus
deep to gastrocnemius muscle
Calf muscle: Achilles tendon
connects your calf muscle in the back of your low leg to the heel bone in your foot
Calf muscles: Plantaris
runs down back of leg