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Physics

Define 'wavelength'

The smallest distance between two points with the same oscillation pattern

Define 'frequency'

The number of oscillations per unit of time

Define 'Period'

The time taken for once complete oscillation to occur

Define 'Displacement'

The distance any part of the wave has moved from rest position (can be positive/negative)

Define 'amplitude'

The maximum displacement from rest position to peak (IT'S ALWAYS POSITIVE)

What is common about all EM waves?

They all travel at the same speed

Give the formula for light intensity

Light intensity(Wm^-2) = Power(W) / Surface Area(m^2)

What 2 things are intensity directly proportional to?

- (Amplitude)^2
- (1 / (distance^2))

Define 'Reflection'

Where a wave bounces back after hitting a boundary

Finish the sentence, "Angle of incidence equals..."

Angle of reflection

Define 'Refraction'

The change in direction of a wave as it enters a medium at an angle to a boundary

What happens when a wave bends away from a normal?

It speeds up

What happens when a when bends towards a normal?

It slows down

Define 'Diffraction'

The spreading of a wave as it passes through a gap or around an edge

How is diffraction affected when entering a different sized gap

-The larger the gap the smaller the diffraction effect, however the smaller the gap the greater the diffraction effect

How is diffraction affected when wavelength changes magnitude

- The greater the wavelength, the greater the diffraction effect
-The smaller the wavelength, the smaller the diffraction effect

What 2 things occur during refraction

- Wave Speed changes
- Wave direction changes (Unless it travels along a medium)

Give the formula for refractive index

(Speed of light in a vaccum) / (Speed of light in the material)

What is snell's law?

(n1 * sinΘ1) = (n2 * SinΘ2)

Give a feature about frequency

frequency always remains constant

Define 'Coherence'

Where 2 waves have a constant phase difference and same frequency

Define 'Interference'

Where 2 or more waves of the same type interact in the same place

What is the principle of superposition

When 2 or more waves of the same type exist at the same place, the resultant wave will be found by adding the displacments of each individual wave.

Under what condition can you only calculate real resultant using superposition

The 2 waves must be coherent

Give 3 features of 'Constructive interference'

- The waves wavelength is always a whole number
- The path difference is (0, 360, 720 etc)

- The phase difference is (0π, 2π, 4π etc)

Give 3 features of 'Desturctive Interference'

- The waves wavelengths are always half numbers (i.e 1/2λ, 3/2λ)
- Their path difference is(180, 540, 900 etc)

- Their phase difference is(π, 3π, 5π etc)

What is young and double's slit equation to find wavelength

λ = (a*x) / d
a = The distance between the separated slits

x = The distance between the separated fringes(distance between the centre of pattern and 1st bright edge)

d = The distance between the screen and slit

In young's double slit equation what is x/d equivalent to

The angle between the centre of pattern and the 1st bright edge (A * sin θ)

Define a 'polarized wave'

A wave with oscillations only in one plane

define an 'unpolarized wave'

A wave with oscillations in all possible planes

What's the only type of wave that can be polarized

EM waves

What is the diffraction grating equation?

n * λ = a * Sinθ

n - The order number

λ - Wavelength

a - Distance between separation of slits

Sinθ - The angle between the normal and maxima

How do you get the distance between the slits?

a = 1 / N

a - Distance between slit separation

N - No of slits per metre

How do you calculate the angle for each order

θ = tan^-1( h/D)

θ - Angle of order

h - Distance between maxima(distance between orders)

D - Distance beween the slits and screen

In a diffraction grating experiment , what can you use to focus the laseer beam on the double slit

Use a single slit

Define a Standing wave

A wave where energy is stored & not transferred

Define a Progressive wave

A wave where energy is transferred from one position to another

Define a node

Points on a stationary wave where there's no displacement of particles

Define an Anti-Node

Points on a stationary wave where the displacement of particles varies by the maximum

Define Phase difference

The difference in displacement of particles along a wave or in 2 waves

Where does constructive interference occur

Where a wave from source 1 arrives at the same point in its cycle as a wave from source 2

Where does destructive interference occur?

Where a wave from source 1 arrives at a different point in its cycle to a wave from source 2

How can a stationary wave be produced with a microwave

Use a microwave transmitter, and use a metal plate for it to reflect the microwave. The initial wave and reflected wave superpose to make a stationary wave

How can you make a stationary wave

- Use a string, use a pulley to hold the string tight
- Use a vibrator to cause oscillations

- The initial wave is reflected bak by the pulley

- The two waves superpose to create a stationary wave

In termsof amplitude what is the difference between stationary waves and progressive waves

-Progressive waves have the same amplitude at all points

-Stationary waves have different amplitudes depending on the

amount of superposition

How does a metal grille polarise a microwave

The electrons in the metal grille absorb the electric field in the same direction as the grille

Give the wavelengths of each wave in the EM spectrum

Radiowaves - 10^2
Microwaves = 10^-2

Infrared = 10^-4

Visiblelight = 0.5 * 10^-6

UV light = 10^-8

X-Rays = 10^-10

Gamma rays = 10^-12

For constructive interference give the equation for path difference

Path difference = n * λ

- n is the order number

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