Sociology 100 Exam (Chapters 4 & 5)
Socialization
The process by which individual internalize the values, beliefs, and norms of a given society and learn to function as members of that society
Generalized Other
An internalized sense of the total expectations of others in a variety of settings– regardless of whether we’ve encountered those people or places before
Resocialization
The process by which one’s sense of social values, beliefs, and norms are reengineered, often deliberately, through an intense social process
Total Institution
An institution in which one is totally immersed and that controls all basics of day-to-day life
Status Set
All the statuses one holds simultaneously
Master Status
One status within a set that stands out or overrides all others
The Looking Glass Self
The process wherein individuals base their sense of self on how they believe others view them.
Double Consciousness
The struggle African Americans face to remain true to black culture while at the same time conforming to the dominant white society.
Role Strain
The incompatibility among roles corresponding to a single status
Role Conflict
The tension caused by competing demands between two or more roles pertaining to different statuses
Ascribed Status
A status into which one is born; involuntary
Achieved Status
A status into which one enters; voluntary
Reference Groups
A group that helps us understand or make sense of our position in society relative to other groups
Social Network
A set of relations, held together by ties between individuals
Tie
the connection between people in a relationship
Narrative
The sum of stories contained in a set of ties
Embeddedness
The degree to which social relationships are reinforced through indirect ties (i.e. friends of friends)
Strength of Weak Ties
The notion that relatively weak ties often turn out to be quite valuable because they yield new information
Structural Hole
A gap between network clusters
Elastic Ties
Social connections that have the characteristics of strong ties while maintaining a degree of protective social distance
Social Capital
The information, knowledge of people or things, and connections that help individuals enter, gain power in, or otherwise leverage social networks
Organization
Any social network that is defined by a common purpose and has a boundary between its membership and the rest of the social world
Isomorphism
A constraining process that forces one unit in a population to resemble other units that face the same set of environmental conditions
Dyad
A group of two
Triad
A group of three
Mediator
The member of a triad who attempts to resolve conflict between the two other actors in the group
Tertius Gaudens
The member of the triad who benefits from conflict between the other two members of the group
Divide et Impera
The role of a member of a triad who intentionally drives a wedge between the other two actors in the group
Small Group
A group characterized by face-to-face interaction, unifocal, lack of formal arrangement or roles, and a certain level of equality
Large Group
A group characterized by the presence of a formal structure that mediates interaction, and status differentiation
Party
A group that is similar to a small group but is multifocal
Primary Group
Social groups, such as family or friends, composed of enduring, intimate face-to-face relationships that strongly influence the attitudes and ideals of those involved
Secondary Groups
Groups marked by impersonal instrumental relationships
In-Groups
Another term for the powerful group, most often the majority
Out-Groups
Another term for the stigmatized or less powerful group, the minority
Organizational Culture
The shared beliefs and behaviours within a social group
Organizational Structure
How power and authority are distributed within an organization