disorders of childhood
which of the following is not a diagnostic criteria for autism spectrum disorder
present throughout the whole life span
which of the following is the least likely to co-occur with ADHD
BPD
which of the following has the correct order in relation to the research domain criteria (RDoC) bottom-up approach
diagnosis, behavioural & symptoms, environment, neurobiology, genetics
which of the following is true
although ASD & ADHD are strongly genetic, diagnosis is based on behavioural presentation
what are the 4 Ds?
disorder, disease, disability & difference
what is a neurodevelopmental disorder?
a disorder that affects typical growth or development of the brain & nervous system
which of the following is not a component of ADHD
anxiousness
what is a communication impairment that people with autism have?
diffculty with eye contact
what is a weakness of the medical model in diagnosing a childhood disorder?
over-diagnosing a child
people with ASD may
speak oddly or slowly
which is not a component of hyperactivity
talking loudly
which of the following is not a core symptom of ADHD
emotional instability
which is the most commonly
used class of medication for treating ADHD
stimulants
what is the earliest age that ASD can typically be reliably diagnosed?
3-5 years
which gender is more commonly diagnosed with ASD
male
which of these features are non-diagnosable in children with ASD
hypersensitivity to touch
what are the key factors contributing to ASD?
genetic factors
which is an example of inattention
symptoms present in ADHD
careless mistakes, not attending to instructions
which neurotransmitter is hyperactive in ADHD
dopamine
which is not an environmental toxin associated with ADHD
asbestos
neuropsychological findings from research on conduct disorder children suggest impairment in all of the following areas except
focused attention
the difference between conduct disorder and oppositional defiant disorder is
still a matter of debate
which of these criteria are not required for the diagnosis of intellectual disability
intellectual deficit two or more standard deviations below average
fragile X is commonly due to a
mutation in the fMR1 gene on x-chromosome
it is recommended that people with phenylketonuria (PKU)
be kept on a special diet to prevent intellectual developmental disorder
if a pregnant woman is exposed to an infectious disease, the
consequences of the disease are most serious during the first trimester
what term is used to describe the following communication?
mother: "would you like to play with this?"
child: "would you like to play with this?"
echolalia
currently, medication interventions are _______ behavioral intervention programs in treating autism
less effective than
cognitive-behavioral therapy in children with intellectual disability
focuses on teaching the children to use self-instruction to guide their academic efforts
both _______ and _______ theories of the etiology of conduct disorder have empirical support
genetic; environmental
research on the role of genetics in conduct disorder has found that
the different behaviors of conduct disorder reflect differential genetic influences
the most common medication prescribed for autism is
antipsychotics
which of the following distinguishes children with ADHD from other children
extreme distractibility
which of the following has not been investigated regarding peers and antisocial behavior
competitiveness with peers
what term is used to describe the following communication
teacher: "What are you playing with, Carl?"
carl: "He's playing ball."
pronoun reversal
which of the following is not a symptom of oppositional-defiant disorder
extreme physical aggressiveness
________ disorders are characterised by more inward-focused experiences and behaviors
internalising
which of the following has been shown to be a promising treatment for conduct disorders
parent-management training
intellectual developmental disorder is diagnosed based upon
psychological test scores
Joan, an autistic child, reacts to her mother's expression of pain by withdrawing from her
this reaction
supports the idea that Joan lacks theory of mind
generally, children with intellectual disability show ________ deficits in intellectual functioning while children with autism spectrum disorder show ________ deficits
overall; primarily social and language
in its classification system, the American Association on Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities focuses on
determining what resources would maximise a person's functioning
a "high-functioning" individual with autism spectrum disorder most likely has
an IQ score of over 80
Wanda, a 12-year-old girl with severe intellectual disability, was taught to dress herself using the following approach
first, her teacher broke down the behavior of getting dressed into a number of smaller steps, like pulling the neck hole over her head, putting her arm into a shirt sleeve, and then putting the other arm in. each step was then demonstrated to Wanda, and she was rewarded for each small movement toward the goal
this approach is called
applied behavior analysis
all of the following are examples of internalizing disorders except
ruminating
externalising disorders include all of the following except
social withdrawal
which of the following best explains the fact that ADHD children and their parents typically struggle with discipline and obeying rules
ADHD children are often noncompliant and negative in interactions with their parents
research on subtypes of ADHD indicates that those with both attentional and hyperactive problems
are more likely to be placed in special education classes than children with only attentional problems
stimulant medications such as Ritalin
have been shown to be effective for improving at least short-term academic achievement
Jim, a 10-year-old boy with intellectual disability, must learn how to spell simple words. however, Jim is highly distractable and has no one around who is willing to sit with him and repeatedly go over such a simple task
Jim would likely benefit from
computer-assisted instruction
children with learning disabilities typically have _______ intelligence
average to above-average intelligence
sociocultural perspectives on conduct disorder suggest
early antisocial behavior in combination with socioeconomic disadvantage leads to conduct problems
fMRI studies of autistic people's reactions to facial expressions of emotions show
no activation in emotion centers of the brain
which of the following disorders is classified as an autism spectrum disorder in the dsm-5
all of the above
down syndrome is the result of
a specific chromosomal abnormality
phenylketonuria (PKU) is the result of a
recessive gene
which of the following statements is true
several genes interacting with various environmental factors most likely explain the cause of ADHD
what neurotransmitter has been found to be elevated in some autistic children?
serotonin
in recent molecular genetic studies, genes associated with the neurotransmitter ______ have been linked to ADHD
dopamine
early behavioural theorists emphasized the role of _______ in the etiology of autism spectrum disorder
inadequate parenting
when most children with ADHD reach adolescence
the severity of symptoms may be reduced, but they continue to meet criteria for the disorder
rather than including a single diagnosis for dyslexia, the dsm-5
combines it with other problems into specific learning disorders
typical treatment of specific learning disorder consists of
individualised instruction and practice in the deficient skill
neurological studies have found abnormalities in which part of the brains of autistic individuals
cerebellum
investigators of the causes of ADHD have found that environmental toxins, such as food additives and lead
do not explain more than a small percentage of cases
which of these is not part of the three broad categories that The American Association on Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities (AAIDD) defines as part of intellectual disability
academic
although low birth weight is a predictor of the development of ADHD, ________ has been shown to help reduce the impact of low birth weight on later symptoms of ADHD
maternal warmth
multisystemic therapy
is based upon intervention in ecologically valid settings such as home, school, or peer group
symptoms of conduct disorder include all of the following
inattentiveness