Psychology Module 2
What is the Central Nervous System?
Brain & Spinal Cord
What is the Peripheral Nervous System?
Info to and from central nervous system
What is the Autonomic Nervous System?
Maintains body function under normal conditions
What is the Somatic Nervous System?
Carries sensory info and controls movement
All 4 Theories of Emotion
Common Sense Theory (CST)
- Trigger to emotion to bodily arousal (I’m shaking because I am afraid)
James-Lange Theory (JLT)
- Trigger to physical reaction to feelings (I’m embarrassed because my face is hot)
Cannon-Bard Theory (CBT)
- Trigger to Emotion and physical reaction at the same time (I’m shaking and feeling afraid at the same time)
Cognitive Theory (CT)
- Trigger to physical reaction and Cues to Feeling (This dog is dangerous and that makes me feel afraid)
Extrinic Motivation?
Causes us to do something (Physical Award)
Intrinsic Motivation?
Act itself is motivating
Motivational Theories
Drive Reduction
- Internal drives to push the organism
Acquired Needs
- 3 Motivating Drivers (Achievement, Affiliation, Power)
Incentive Theory
- Response to external rewards are reinforcements
Hierarchy of Needs
- Little research supports the theory
Cognition?
Mental Activity going on in the brain
Trial and Error and Algorithms (Problem Solving)
Trial and Error
- Solution after Solution
Algorithm
- Step by step procedures
Heuristics and Anchoring (Problem Solving)
Heuristics
- Method of doing something
Anchoring
- Starting with a piece of info
Availability Heurisitics anfd Scarcity Heuristics (Problem Solving)
Availiability Heuristics
- Predicting an event within a population
Scarcity Heurisitic
- Some rare, must be valuable
Functional Fixedness (Problem Solving)
Objects only meant for actual use
Availbility Bias (Bias)
Think of things that com readily to mind based on past events
Confirmation Bias (Bias)
Evidence that supports your pre-existing beliefs
Hindsight Bias (Bias)
Likely to see an outcome, after it has happened
3 Level of Concepts
Superordinate Concept
- General Concept “Fruit”
Basic Level Concept
- More specific “Apple”
Subordinate Concept
- Most Specific “Granny Smith Apple”
Formal Concept?
Specific rules or features
Natural Concept?
Experiences with the concepts in the real world
Amy and Hippo (Limbic System)
Amy
- Motivation, Emotional Control
Hippo
- Ability to remember
Hypo and Tha (Limbic System)
Hypo - Fear and Thirst
Tha - Info from sensory organs
Autonomic Nervous System (2 Parts)
Paraysympathetic Division
- Maintains body function, saves energy
Sympathetic Division
- Expend energy in times of stress
Labeling Emotions?
Influenced by language and culture
Measuring Emotion?
PANAS
- Postivive Affect Negative Affect Schedule
Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs (5 Steps)
1. Self Actualization
2. Esteem
3. Love
4. Safety
5. Physiological
Coginition (3 Types)
1. Organizing Info
2. Understanding Info
3. Processing Info
Mental Sets?
Problem Solving, worked in the past
Personality Psychology?
Individual Difference in traits and abilities
Psychoanalytic Theory (Personality)
Sigmund Freud, role on unconscious mind
What are the three parts that the Psychoanalytic Theory is divided into?
1. Conscious: Aware at any given moment
2. Preconscious: Moment is stored
3. Unconscious: Hidden at all time
What is ID?
Pleasure Seeker, if it feels good, do it
What is Super Ego?
- Moral
- If it feels good, do it, but only if nothing bad will happen
What is Ego?
Behaviour
- Acceptable behaviour as learned through life
What are the Psychosexual Stages? (5 Steps)
1. Oral
2. Anal
3. Phallic
4. Latent
5. Genital
Behaviourist Theory (Personality)
Explains the action of humans and animals
- Albert Bandura
3 Factors that influence the Behaviourist Theory?
1. Environment
2. Behavior itself
3. Cognitive Factors from earlier experiences
Self Efficacy?
Effective a behaviour will be
High Self Efficacy?
More persistent
Low Self Efficacy?
Expect to fail
Humanistic Theory (Personality)
What makes people uniquely human
- Carl Rogers
Self Actualizing?
Striving for fulfillment
Self Concept?
An image on oneself
Real Self?
Actual perception of chracteristics
Ideal Self?
One would like to be
Unconditional Postive Regard
Respect with no strings attached
Conditional Positive Regard
Respect depends on what others want
The Big Five (Ocean)
1. Extra
2. Agreeable
3. Conscientious
4. Emotionally
5. Open
Costa & McCrae
All traits are independent
Who created the Rorschach Test?
Hermann Rorschach
Comtemporary Approaches?
1. Self Report
2. Peer/Informant
3. Behaviour
LIWC Work?
Analyzes paragraph by counting instances