P-Block elements
Metallic behavior increases/decreases proceeding down a group?
Increases
Why do elements in the same group exhibit similar chemical behavior?
Because they have similar valence electron configurations
What properties can be taken into account regarding the anomalous behavior of the 2nd period elements?
Small size, high electronegativity, availability of orbitals for bonding
Which reacts with lithium? Oxide, peroxide, or superoxide?
Oxide
Which reacts with sodium? Oxide, peroxide, or superoxide?
Peroxide
Which elements can react with oxygen to form superoxide?
Potassium (K), Rubidium (Rb), and Cesium (Cs)
Which oxidation state(s) can be formed for fluorine? Why?
-1, because of its high electronegativity
Why is it more common for multiple bonding (double & triple bonds) to happen in 2nd row elements than 3rd row and beyond?
Due the the small size, 2nd row elements can have more effective overlaps between p-orbitals on adjacent atoms. This is not what happens in 3rd row & beyond elements as their large size causes a larger separation between adjacent atoms so the p-orbitals are more diffused and there's no effective overlap for p-p pi bonding to occur like the 2nd row elements
Why does gallium have a smaller radius than radium?
Gallium is in the 4th period after the d-block is filled, therefore it is separated from aluminum by 10 extra elements. This and the added protons make for a greater nuclear charge, causing it to be smaller than aluminum
What is the most common oxidation state for B and Al? Why?
3+ due to loss of valence electrons
What is the arrangement of boron atoms in its stable elemental form (alpha-beta)?
Icosahedral
Is boron covalent or ionic-bonded?
Covalent
Does boron have a high or low melting point? Why?
Extremely high melting point because its strong covalent bonding is difficult to disrupt and must take lot of energy
In what minerals is boron found naturally? Example?
Borate minerals such as borax
The mineral B2O3 can be oxidized/reduced to extract boron? Which is/are the agent(s) suitable for the process?
Reduced by aluminum or magnesium
Are many boron-containing compounds electron-rich or deficient?
Deficient
What is the true molecular formula for the hydride of boron?
B2H6, with 4 terminal and 2 bridging H atoms
Which orbitals account for the bonding on the bridging group of B2H6? How many electrons are distributed over this bond?
B (sp3) from both B atoms, 1s from H. 2 electrons (0.5 from each B and 1 from H) are distributed over them
What is the formula for boric acid?
H3BO3
What are the uses for boric acid?
Disinfectant, insecticide, starting material for fiberglass
How is boron often used in cookware or labware?
Through borosilicate glass, which is resistant to thermal shock
Mention a major aluminum mineral and which element it is derived from
Bauxite, Al2O3
What is the name of the process used to convert Al2O3 to Al? What does it entail?
Hall-Heroult process, which is a reduction process by electrolysis
What are 3 characteristics that make aluminum alloys valuable in transportation, construction, and consumer products?
Lightweight, strong, resistant to corrosion
What are group 15 elements called?
Pnicogens
Mention the formula and name for the Na and Li ionic compounds formed with N
Na3N (sodium nitride) and Li3N (lithium nitride)
Mention the formula and name for the Na and Li ionic compounds formed with P
Na3P (sodium phosphide) and Li3P (lithium phosphide)
What is the common oxidation state for bismuth?
+3
Is N2 reactive or unreactive? Why?
Highly unreactive. N2 has a triple bond between the 2 nitrogen atoms, creating a strong bond (bond energy=945 kJ/mol) that is difficult to break (remember its placement in the 2nd row, enabling it to make multiple bonds a lot easier)
What are used as reactants to produce ammonia in the Haber process?
Nitrogen and hydrogen
What is an inert blanketing gas that is commonly used for packaging foods,manufacturing electronic devices, and performing scientific experiments in glove boxes?
Dinitrogen
What are the characteristics of white phosphorus? Is it toxic?
Waxy, glows faintly, low melting point (44C), highly toxic solid
Is white phosphorus reactive? Why?
Highly reactive due to the "strain" in the bonds that wants to be released, making it ignite on contact with air (therefore it is stored under water)
What are the characteristics of red phosphorus? Is it toxic and is it more or less reactive than white phosphorus?
Red, high melting point (around 600C), nontoxic solid, less reactive than white phosphorus
Which phosphorus allotrope is often used for manufacturing methamphetamine?
Red phosphorus
Which phosphorus allotrope is often found in the striking surface of safety match boxes? How does it work?
Red phosphorus. When the match is struck, red phosphorus transforms into small amounts of white phosphorus which ignites
Mention a major source of phosphorus
Phosphate rock
What process is required to extract phosphorus? Oxidation or reduction? What element is used as an agent?
Reduction in which carbon is used as a reducing agent
What is the name of the compound PH3? Is it toxic?
Phosphine, extremely toxic
Is PH3 a stronger or weaker base than NH3?
Weaker
Will nitrogen ever exhibit a negative oxidation state in its oxide?
No
What is used commonly for dental anesthetic and aerosol propellant?
N2O
Which nitrogen oxide can be a biochemical messenger and air pollutant?
NO
What characteristics do NO exhibit?
Colourless, paramagnetic, gaseous
What color is N2O3 gas?
Reddish brown
What color is NO2 gas?
Orange brown
Which nitrogen oxide is formed during HNO3, is paramagnetic, and is a poisonous air pollutant?
NO2
What color is N2O4 liquid?
Colorless to yellow
Which nitrogen oxide is a volatile solid?
N2O5
Which phosphorus oxide is made with limited O2 and is a white, waxy, toxic solid?
P4O6 (tetraphosphorus hexaoxide or phosphorus trioxide)
Which phosphorus oxide is made with excess O2 and is a white solid?
P4O10 (tetraphosphorus decaoxide or phosphorus pentoxide)
What is the name for the oxyacid HNO2?
Nitrous acid
Is HNO2 a strong or weak acid?
Weak
Which nitrogen oxide reacts with water to form HNO2?
N2O3
What is the conjugate base of HNO2?
NO2- (nitrite ion)
What is HNO2 often used for?
Reagent in organic synthesis
What is the name for the oxyacid HNO3?
Nitric acid
What is the industrial preparation used to create HNO3?
Ostwald process
How is HNO3 commonly used in a major industrial application?
Reacted with ammonia to form ammonium nitrate which is used as fertilizer
Is HNO3 an oxidizing or reducing agent?
A very strong oxidizing agent
What is the name for the oxyacid H3PO3?
Phosphorous acid
Is H3PO3 a strong or weak acid?
Weak
Is H3PO3 a triprotic or diprotic acid?
Diprotic (one of the H atoms is directly bonded to the central P atom and is not acidic)
What is the name for the oxyacid H3PO4?
Phosphoric acid
Is H3PO4 a strong or weak acid?
Weak
Is H3PO4 a diprotic or triprotic acid?
Triprotic (with 3 H atoms that could potentially dissociate)
What is the main industrial application for H3PO4?
Starting material for fertilizers
What are group 16 elements called?
Chalcogens
Is O2 paramagnetic or diamagnetic?
Paramagnetic
What color is O3 gas?
Bluish pungent
Is O3 paramagnetic or diamagnetic?
Diamagnetic
Which compound can act as a pollutant in the lower atmosphere?
Ozone (O3)
What color is the S8 (rhombic) sulfur solid?
Yellow
What minerals are an abundant source of sulfur?
Sulfide
Which pure element has a crown-shaped molecule?
S8 (rhombic) sulfur
What is a major commercial application of sulfur?
Production of sulfuric acid (the most important chemical substance in the industry as a strong acid that's often used to manufacture fertilizers)