- Slow, regular pace
- Girls get shorter and lighter until about 9 years old (then it reverses)
- Bones get longer and stronger
- Permanent teeth appear
A well balanced diet helps to maintain good physical fitness and increases learning
- Low socioeconomic status
- Insufficient sleep
- Parents' eating habits
- Low physical activity
- Stress
Asthma due to environmental factors
Cerebellum
Cognitive
- Flexibility
- Balance
- Agility
- Force
Drawing and writing
Girls excel in fine-motor skills and some motor skills that include flexibility and agility. Boys excel in all gross-motor skills due to experience and body mass
- Perspective taking
- Emotional and social development
Concrete Operational stage
7-11 years old
Decentration and Reversibility
Focusing on more than one aspect and relating them to each other
Thinking through a series of steps and then mentally reversing them
They are able to focus on multiple category relations at once
The ability to arrange things along a quantitative dimension.
Transitive inference
- It's hard for kids to grasp abstract ideas
- It's applied to information that can be perceived directly
Children master concrete ideas step by step, gradually.
Flexibility shifting, working memory, inhibition
Selective and flexible
- Processing time decreases significantly
- More efficient thinking
- Rehearsal (repeating)
- Organization (into categories)
- Elaboration (relating to other things)
Memory and knowledge
This is when a child believes that another person is thinking the same thing as them. By age 7, they understand that this may not be the case
Recursive thought (ability to reason about what more than one other person is thinking)
Context clues (definitions, examples...) are useful for understanding concepts when the terminology is unfamiliar.
When a word has two meanings and the child understands both of them. Ex.: cool (fun, hip) and cool (cold weather)
Industry vs. Inferiority
- Academic competence
- Social competence
- Physical/athletic competence
- Physical appearance