light behaves as particle and eave
light and radiation generated by particles moving through space
width between peaks (distance)
amount of times waves repeats cycle (Hz or 1/s)
(wavelength×10^-9m)÷ 1
2.99x10^8 m/s ÷ (wavelength found m)
10^-10 & Xray
10^-9 & ultraviolet
10^-6 & infrared
10^-3 & microwave
10^-2 & microwave
1 & television/radio
10^3 & radio
planck constant: 6.626x10^-34 Js
minimum frequency of light required for one e- emission -- photons E= hc/wavelength
E=(planck contant)(2.99x10^8 m/s) ÷ [solution - found by finding wavelength]
energy absorbed (high quanta)
photon emitted (low quanta)
spectrum w continuous colors
spectrum containing only radiation (specific radiation)
Efinal-Einitial ~ (+)= absorbed, (-)=emitted
quantum mechanics - orbitals
state ~ high # = high energy
city
street
address
l=0 ~ 0 nodes
l=1 ~ 1 node
l=2 ~ 2 nodes
l=3 ~ 3 nodes
if l=2 ~ ml= -2,-1,0,1,2
(1 spin up and 1 spin down) - arrows
for same l, fill spin up first then continue w spin down - arrows
row 4:
4s2 3d10 4p6
d= -1 from main #
e- involved in chemical bonding
d4 and d9 (will rearrange filling all boxes equally)
d4 original (arrows): 2 1 1 1 = 5
d4 new: 1 1 1 1 1 = 5
> turns to d5
> turns to d10
net electric field ~ core e- shield outer e-
Zeff= Z-S
Z=actual nuclear charge (# of protons)
S= valence e- (screening constant)
larger than neutral element
smaller than neutral element
same e- arrangement
Na: 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s1 (not)
Na+: 1s2 2s2 2p6 (iso)
Ne: 1s2 2s2 2p6 (iso)
energy required to move first e-
increase: left to right
decrease: top to bottom
more negative = more affinify
more positive = unstable
+1 ~ very reactive
+2 ~ less reactive (further from iso w noble gas)
-1 ~ very reactive
F= most
happy ~ no reaction