antibiotics
killing harmful stuff, w/o damaging the host
natural, synthetic, semi-synthetic
metachromatic, polysaccharide,and sulfur granules & lipid inclusions
endospores
vegetative bacteria
terminal, sub-term, and central
exosporium, spore coat, cortex, core
poor env. triggers gene change, turns veg cell into endospore
activation (cut open spore)
germination (take in H2O and germ. agents)
outgrowth (makes new veg cells)
temp, ph, osmotic pressure
has min, optimal, max temp (like to be at optimal)
psychro (cold), meso (mod), thermo (heat)
15-52
too high body temp for anthrax to colonize (humans-37, vs chickens 42)
grow bacteria in - water balance
respond & produce ectoine
return to + water balance & get rid of ectoine to env.
budding; unicellular yeast, bump forms and breaks off to make new cell
replication, wall and memb divide, p. memb forms around DNA, seperation
batch culture
lag, log, stationary, death
lag phase
exponential/ log phase
slows down growth rate
cell death, endospore start sporulation
a way to keep population of bacteria in one specific stage of growth curve for long time
primary : produced as soon as bacteria grow (ex: big turkey dinner)
secondary: produced after time of growth, usually takes place after stationary phase (ex: turkey soup, made w leftovers)
tobacco plants and filtered through Chamberland filter (filtrate=infectious), caused by "small bacteria"
martinus beijerinck
purified and crystalized tobacco mosaic virus
eggs
poliovirus
poliovirus
primary cell lines
20-50
viruses
false, they can only have 1 not both
a protein coat
required specific attachment receptors on host cell that match virus receptors
-core contains dipicolinic acied
-stablizies DNA against heat denaturation
-reduces water availability
-makes calcium dipicolinate
-pH in core is 1 unit lower
-high levels of SASP's
singlet oxygen
acts as a catalyst to break down singlet O2 to become less toxic
in areas of high O2 concentration (not at bottom of tube)
facultative anaerobes
absence of O2, CANNOT TOLERATE O2
aerotolerant anaerobes
low [O2]
min, max, and optimal
15-52
low pH
high pH
continuous culture process
dimitri: tobacco, grind and filter through chamberland "small bacteria"
beijerinck: not bacteria, behaved differently "filterable virus"
purifying and crystalizing tobacco virus
ebola
influenza
18
11
protein coat surrounding nucleic acid
pros
-hide from immune cells
-helps fuse w host
cons
-easily damaged
-sensitive to pH and disinfectants
-lose memb. and become non infectious
family-> genus->species
attachment: collide phage w bacteria
penetration: tail release into lysosome&inject into host
biosynthesis: early mRNA, DNA replication, late mRNA
maturation: assemble viral components
release: host=lysed and releases new progeny
-uses recombination to become a prophage
-many cell divisions
-can be lost and enter lytic cycle
-daughter cells become lysogenic
-occurs in temperate viruses
when there is no infectious viruses present
rise period
attachment: receptors on surface of memb of host, receptors of virus are all over surface (diff ways to contact)
penetration: uncoated genome released from capsid, membrane fusion, endocytosis
biosynthesis: replication of DNA is easy, diff for +/- ds or ss RNA
maturation: late genes help assemble new copies
release: naked- lysis, envelopes- concurrently
+ strand=mRNA for translation
ss=mRNA, -RNA strand= +ssRNA copies
RNA polymerase transcribes +RNA from -RNA
+RNA used as mRNA to make proteins
use reverse transcriptase, dsDNA makes provirus (irreversible)
found in birds, makes hybrid virus, V1+V2=V3
pig
H1N1
mutation in virus RNA, why we need yearly flu shot
prevent uncoating so replication doesn't happen
prevent new viruses from being released from host
HEP B
adenovirus
when the virus stays in equilibrium and doesn't cause disease
-Herpes (HSV-1 and HSV-2)
-Varicella-Zoster (chickenpox and shingles)
resumption and replication
ssRNA, protein
protein
-sporadic (mutation in Prnp)
-familial (inherited mutated gene)
-iatrogenic CJD (medical transfer of prions)
-new variant (BSE-contaminated beef)
c- helix>pleated sheets
sc-pleated sheets>helix
change in base sequence (A,G,C,T)
frame-shift mutation
exposure to UV, damaged DNA removed, polymerase fills gap, ligase seals&joins old and new DNA
donor and recipient cell
transformation: picks up free DNA
conjugation: cell-cell transfer of genetic material
transduction: transfer chromosomal material by bacteriophage
S (capsule) and R (no cap)
Live S= kills rat
Live R= no effect on rat
Heated S strain= no effect on rat
Live R&heated S= kills rat
F plasmid: F+ and F- connected by sex pilus, transfers plasma DNA
Hfr cell: plasmid knicked at oriT and merges into chromosome, transfers bacterial DNA and some plasmid DNA
F' plasmid: same as F, but carry chromosomal genes
-when any portion of genome has a good likelihood of being transferred as any other part
-bacteria in lytic cycle gets a transducing particle
-when specific regions are more likely than others to be transferred (only temperate bacteriophages)
-uses lysogeny
prion
enveloped virsuses
UV light (260nm is most effective wavelength)
zones of inhibition (antibiotic sensitivity)
sensitivity of microorganisms to antibiotics
99.97%
MIC- minimum inhibitory concentration
MBC- minimum bactericidal concentration
-inhibition of cell wall synthesis (penicillin- prevents NAG/NAM from linking)
-inhib. of protein synthesis (tetracyclin - 30S subunit, tRNA and mRNA attatchment & erythromycin - 50S subunit, translocation)
-injury of plasma memb (polymyxin B- attack phospholipids)
-inhib. of nucleic acid synthesis (quinolones- block replication)
-inhib. of essential metabolite synthesis (sulfonamides- mimic PABA)
-bacteria destroy drug
-prevent drug from penetrating
-target site
-increase rapid pumps
false