Chapter 7- Alkyl Halides
Substrate
refers to an akyl halide
Protic solvent
contains a hydrogen atom directly connected to an electronegative atom
i.e. Water H-O-H
Polar Aprotic Solvents
lacks the hydrogen atom
i.e. acetone 0=C-2CH3
Strong Nucleophiles
I-, Cl-, Br-, HS-, RS-, HO-, RO-
Weak nucleophiles
H2O, ROH
Alkyl Halide
carbon group (alkyl) bonded to a halide (F, I, Br, and Cl)
Good leaving groups are ________ _____ of strong acids
conjagute bases
Z
priority groups are next to each other (cis)
E
priority groups are across from each other (trans)
Zaitsev product
the more substituted alkene
an unhindered base will favor the Zaitzev product
Hofmann Product
the less substituted alkene
the bulkey, sterically hindered base will favor the hofmann product
Regioselectivity
the preference of chemical bonding or breaking in one direction over all other possible directions
Homogenous catalyst
does not dissolve in reaction medium, like Pt or Pd metal
Heterogenous catalyst
does dissolve in the reaction medium, accomplished by using a ligand with the metal
Alpha position [α]
carbon atom directly connected to the halogen
Beta position [β]
carbon atoms connected to the alpha position
Primary, secondary, and teriary
based on the number of akyl groups connected to the alpha position
1= 1 akyl group
2= 2 akyl groups
Weak base is a ________ ____
stabilized base
Strong base is an ______ ____
unstable base
Solvolysis
a solvent fuctions as an attacking nucleophile, SN1 process