Kinesiology and Pathologies
Where are the muscle spindles located?
In the muscle belly
Which term refers to movement of the scapula or mandible in a posterior direction?
Retraction
Movements occur in the sagittal plane around this axis?
Medial lateral axis
A naturally occurring lump or nodule of bone is called a
Tubercle
If a muscle has fibers that run at oblique angles to a central tendon resembling a feather, that muscle is said to be a
Pennate muscle
This type of muscle is present in the gut, bronchi of the lungs, urinary tract, reproductive organs, and blood vessels and is not under voluntary control
Smooth muscle
Which term refers to the loss of muscle size due to disease or lack of use?
Atrophy
The ____ divides each muscle into several large sections known as fascicles.
Perimysium
Which of the following is shortened in a muscle contraction?
The sarcomere unit
Lowering a book onto a table with control is an example of what type of contraction?
Eccentric
Which term is used to refer to a sheath of fibrous connective tissue that envelopes muscles and organs?
Fascia
Which term best decribes rotation of the anterior surface of the humerus, femur, or tibia away from the midline of the body?
Lateral rotation
A bundle of individual muscle fibers surrounded by perimysium is called a:
Fascicle
The physiology of muscle contraction is explained through a theory called:
Sliding filament mechanism
Golgi tendon organs are classified as which type of nerve endings?
Sensory
Which term is used to define a specific location or mark on a bone?
Bony landmark
Which term best describes the intention and way a person touches another person?
Quality of touch
What is the dense, connective tissue that makes up the skeletal system?
Bone
Which term best describes a muscle contraction where the muscle fibers widen as tension develops?
Concentric contraction
When the shape of the bones stop a movement, as when a person extends his elbow all the way, this is classified as what type of end feel?
Hard end feel
Which type of contraction could a practitioner induce in a client to reduce the stretch reflex and soften hypertonic muscles?
Isometric
Freely movable joints in the body are referred to as:
Diarthrotic
Which term best describes a bundle of specialized fibers that contract to hold positions of the body or move a joint?
Muscle
Which term best describes a muscle that connects to bones and moves the joints of the skeleton?
Skeletal muscles
Trying to push over a concrete wall would create which type of muscle contraction?
Isometric
Which of the following is an example of an amphiarthrotic joint?
The interosseous membrane between radius and ulna
Which term best describes the arrangement of the striations of a muscle?
Fiber direction
To rebuild strength after an injury, which type of ROM is most helpful?
Active-resisted
A straight line that passes between the front and back of the body is a:
Anterior-posterior axis
Bringing a client's heel toward his gluteal muscles to stretch the quads is an example of _____ range of motion.
Passive
Which term best desribes the restriction felt at the end of a passive range of motion where bone meets bone?
Hard end feel
The amount of movement available at a joint depends on its structure and is referred to as:
Range of motion
Which term refers to a broad area of muscle, which converges on an attachment site and is called a triangular muscle?
Convergent
Which term refers to a fibrous cord that attaches muscle to bone?
Tendon
Fixation describes the lack or decrease of _______ in the joint space.
Movement
Which term best describes the direction toward the front of the body?
Anterior
Which term best describes the single muscle that is the point of focus for palpation or manual therapy methods?
Target muscle
What is an example of a joint that allows for circumduction?
Glenohumeral joint
Where in the joint is hyaline cartilage found?
On the articular surfaces of bone ends
Which term refers to an increase in muscle volume and size?
Hypertrophy
Which term best describes a type of muscle whose fibers attach obliquely?
Pennate
Which term best describes the amount of movement at a given joint?
Range of motion
Which term refers to the body's positioning and alignment when performing the physical task of palpating a muscle or applying a manual technique?
Body mechanics
Which term best describes a specialized, dense connective tissue that provides cushion and reduces friction between bones or articulating surfaces?
Cartilaginous
Which term best describes a fibrous joint that allows little to no movement?
Synarthrotic
The form of energy that allows for muscle contraction is called:
ATP
Which term refers to a type of joint that contains fluid?
Synovial
Which type of ROM tests the quality of inert tissues such as joint capsules, ligaments, and cartilage without the client's assistance?
Passive range of motion
Pivot joints allow for what type of motion?
Rotation
The deltoid muscle has fibers that are oriented at multiple angles along a force-generating axis. This muscle is a:
Multipennate muscle
To evaluate using the hands is to:
Palpate
Which term best describes the more moveable muscle attachment site on a bone?
Insertion
Movement away from the midline is called:
Abduction
Which term refers to the condition or state of a muscle resulting in effective kinesthetic functioning?
Muscular health
Which term refers to an anterior movement of a body part in the sagittal plane?
Flexion
Which term best describes the relationship and interaction between muscles, joints, and nerves during the execution of various activities of the body?
Mechanical function
The transitional zone between the muscle's surrounding fascia and the tendon is known as the:
Masculotendinous junction
Which term best describes the abnormal state of an anatomical structure that limits movement or restricts flexibility?
Anatomical restriction
Which of the following is an example of a cartilaginous joint?
Intervertebral joint
Which term refers to a joint that has a ball-shaped bone that articulates with a round depression of another bone and can move in all three planes?
Ball and socket
Which term best describes the direction toward the midline of the body?
Medial
Which term refers to movement around a center?
Rotation
Which term best describes tissue damage resulting from long periods of repetitive use?
Cumulative stresses
The central, bulkiest portion of each muscle is called the muscle:
Belly
These structures are responsible for maintaining muscle tone and informing the central nervous system how quickly the muscle is stretching:
Muscle spindles
What are the functions of muscle fibers?
Production of heat, Posture maintenance, Movement of bones
What is an example of the type of tissue that would create a soft end feel?
Adipose
Which term best describes tissue's ability to stretch?
Extensibility
The segment of the muscle that moves most during contraction is the:
Insertion
Which term best desribes the more stationary muscle attachment site on a bone?
Origin
A common pathological end feel is:
Empty end feel
The quick response to stimulation from the nervous system characteristic of muscle tissue is known as:
Excitability
Which term best describes the gap between two or more bones, often encapsulated by a synovial membrane?
Joint cavity
Which term best describes a situation where the therapist conducts a muscle test to contract the target muscle or muscle group?
Resisted range of motion
Which term refers to the body's position and alignment while standing, sitting, or lying down?
Posture
What type of movement is possible at the talocrural joint?
Plantar flexion
A shallow depression in bone is called a:
Fossa
Which term refers to the functional classification of a joint that is slightly moveable?
Amphiarthrotic
Which type of tissue offers resistance to movement in a hard end feel?
Bone
Which directional term best desribes a location that is above?
Superior
The functioning skeleton consists of:
All the bones, joints, and ligaments
Which term means closer to the bone?
Deep
Which term refers to a joint that has bones that articulate with a flat or slightly curved surface that can glide across each other?
Gliding
The extensor digitorum longus has fibers oriented at one fiber angle on the same side of its tendon. This is a:
Unipennate muscle
When a client resists the practitioner's attempts to gently move a body part it is:
Resisted range of motion
Which term best describes the movement that muscles create at a given joint when they contract?
Action
A situation where a client moves a body part as far as they can and then the therapist assists them in moving it farther?
Active-assisted range of motion
Which term refers to an abnormal increase in muscle tone?
Hypertonicity
Which term best describes the increasing activation of a muscle through the enlistment of additional motor units?
Motor unit recruitment
Which term refers to using the hands to evaluate the body?
Palpate
The anterior-posterior axis is sometimes called the:
Sagittal axis
When muscles are overstretched, or stretched too rapidly, muscle spindles activate and cause a reflexive contraction known as:
The stretch reflex
Where are muscle spindles located?
In the muscle belly
Which term refers to a muscle that is responsible for a specific joint movement, and known as the prime mover?
Agonist
A muscle with parallel fibers that are flat and culminate in flat tendons that attach to a bony ridge or line is a:
Rhomboidal muscle
The medial-lateral axis is sometimes called the:
Frontal axis
Which term refers to an even or regular surface?
Smooth
Which term is used to describe a fluid-filled sac that reduces friction between structures at joints?
Bursae
Which term refers to loose, connective tissue and adipose that give shape to the body?
Superficial fascia
Which term refers to movement of the scapula or mandible in an inferior direction?
Depression
Which term refers to an imbalance or a noticable difference in bilateral structures of the body?
Structural asymmetry
Restrictions that are caused by the shape or function of structures that make up the joint itself are called _______ restrictions.
Anatomical
Which term refers to any variant or deviant condition of the cartilage, muscle, joint, or ligament from its normal state?
Pathology
Which term best describes the fluidity or lack of fluidity of an active or passive movement pattern?
Quality of movement
Which term best describe the quality felt at the end of a passive range of motion where soft tissue runs into itself?
Soft end feel
What is NOT a benefit of joint movement?
Increases bone density
Which term refers to a palpable distinction related to the fibers of a muscle, tendon, ligament, or fascia?
Tissue texture
Which term refers to a location that is below or under?
Inferior
Which term best describes the direction away from the midline of the body?
Lateral
Passageways for blood vessels and nerves, and reference points for locating structures through palpation or viewing the body during a posture assessment are:
Bony landmarks
When a muscle has mutliple proximal attachments, they are called:
Heads
Which term best describes the act of using one's hands to examine, locate, and manipulate a muscle, soft tissue, or structure of the body?
Palpation
Which term refers to both sides of the body?
Bilateral
The origin of a muscle normally refers to the:
More stationary attachment
A hinge joint allows for which types of movement?
Flexion and extension
Which term refers to the movement of the scapula or mandible in an anterior direction?
Protraction
Which portion of the muscle fiber gives it the energy to perform contraction?
Mitochondria
Which term best describes the texture and condition of a muscle, soft tissue, or structure?
Physical characteristics
Tissue damage due to overuse, overstretching or overcontracting is called:
Strain
Which term best describes a type of muscle where the fibers run parallel to the long axis or the muscle, usually tapering at either end?
Fusiform
An imaginary flat surface that bisects the body between the upper and lower halves is called the:
Transverse plane
A muscle that has a long parallel fibers that end in a wide, flat tendons:
Strap muscle
Which term best describes a layer of tissue or muscle somewhere between the superficial and the deep layers?
Intermediate
The abbreviation ROM stands for:
Range of motion