PSYC*1000 thought and language
concept
is the mental representation of an object, event or idea.
categories
refer to these clusters of interrelated concepts; the act of forming or thinking about these groups is called categorization
Rule-based categorization
categorizing objects or events according to a certain set of rules or by specific set of features.
Example- ostriches and robins both fall under the category of birds and this is scientifically correct but it does not match up with human behaviour.
graded membership
the observation that some concepts appear to make better category members than others
Exemplar
a specific example that best represents a category.
Prototype
is a mental representation of an average category member.
semantic network
an interconnected set of nodes (or concepts) and the links that join them to form a category.
nodes
are circles that represent concepts
links
connect nodes together to represent the structure of a category.
priming
a technique in which previous exposure to a stimulus can influence that individuals later responses, either to the same stimulus or one to that is related to it.
culture and categories
Americans call cows livestock but people in India would never call them that.
Linguistic relativity
the theory that the language we use determines how we understand the world
bounded rationally
there are limits to human processing, due to available information and time
maximizers
are those who attempt to evaluate every option for every choice until they find the perfect fit
satisfacting
decisions are often a combination of satisfying and scuffing, rather than optimizing
problem solving
means accomplishing a goal when the solution or the path to the solution is not clear
algorithms
problem solving strategies based on a series of rules
heuristics
problem solving strategies that stem from prior experiences and provide an educated guess as to what is the most likely solution
mental set
is a cognitive obstacle that occurs when an individual attempts to apply a routine solution to what is actually a new type of problem.
functional fixedness
which occurs when an individual identifies an object or technique that could potentially solve a problem, but can think of only its most obvious function.
conjuction fallacy
reflects the mistaken belief that finding a specific member in two overlapping categories. Is more likely than finding any member of one of the larger general categories.
Representativeness heuristic
making judgements of likelihood based on how well an example represents a specific category.
Availability heuristic
entails estimating frequency of an event based on how easily examples of it come to mind.
anchoring effect
occurs when an individual attempts to solve a problem involving numbers and uses previous knowledge to keep the response within a limited range.
belief perserverance
when an individual remains committed to their decision or belief even in the face of evidence against it.
confirmation bias
when individuals search for only evidence that will confirm their beliefs instead of evidence that might disconfirm them.
aphasia
a language disorder caused by damage to the brain structures that support using and understanding language
brocas area
region of the left frontal lobe that controls our ability to articulate speech sounds that compose words.
Wernicke's area
the area of the brain most associated with finding in the meaning of words
language
as a form of communication that involves the use of spoken, written, or gestural symbols that are combined in a rule-based form.
phenomes
most basic units of speech sounds
morphemes
are the smallest meaningful units of language
semiantics
is the study of how people come to understand meaning from words
syntax
the rules for combining words and morphemes into meaningful phrases and sentences
pragmatics
study of non linguistic elements of language use
fast mapping
the ability to map words into concept or objects after only a single exposure
cross-fostered
meaning that she was raised as a member of a family that was not all the same species
sensitive period for language in the brain
brains are primed to develop language skills. The ability to do so fades starting around age 7.
Gene for language
FOXP2 gene is the physical and chemical gene that codes for things related to language. This gene is shared with other species but only humans have language.
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