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Structural Carbohydrates - Biochemistry

Why are carbohydrates important

Due to the most abundant biomolecules on earth and they are used asd the main energy source for all living organsims in glucose.
Also important for strcutural component such as Ribose and deoxyribose in RNA and DNA

What are the 2 forms of glucose formed form D-Glucose and how

D glucose is non-cyclic and opem chained so can undego nucleophillic additon on the alehyde group of carbon 1
To form either A or B glucose

In a glucose the hydroxtyl is in down and in B glucose it is in up posotion

What are the 3 monosachharides

Fructose + Glucose + Galactose

What are 3 disaccharides

Lactose + Sucrose + Maltose

Why is cellulose important

Due to being a mnaor structural component of plants due to, being a linear polymer of D glucose connected by glycosidic bonds that is then organsied into microfibrils in plants made of cellulose chains

What is Hemi-cellulose

A B1-4 polymer od D xylopryanose with side groups of other carbohydrate polymer attached, this will lead to cross linked network of carbohyrates so is branched

What is Pectin

A branched polymer with alpha 1-4 bonding

What is Agarose

D galactose with B1-4 bonding with an ether bridge connencting carbon 3-6
Very complex polysachharides

What is Chitin

Main component of the exoskeleton in arthropods
Polymer of N-acetly glucose with B1-4 linkage

Arranged in long extened fibres for extra strength

What is glycosaminoglycans

Polymer of glucuronic acid with glucose or galatctose with N-acetly on them

What are Proteoglycans

Important matrix to hold together protein components of skin and connective tissue

What are structural carbohydrates in bacteria

Bacteria cell walls are made of peptidoglycans made up of ground positive that are multi-layered surface and retain dye complex when added and then negative ground that are thin layers between membranes that dont reatin added dye to them

What is glycosylatiuon of proteins

The attachement of oligosachharides to proteins that take place in the golgi or the ER

What is N linked glycosylation

Takes place in the ER during translation and done by the enzyme oligosachharide tranferase
The precursor of saccharide held in ER by dolichol lipid

Can lead to highyl complex glycoproteins

What is O linked glycosylation

Takes place in the Golgi and much simpler due to only adding simple proteins like Serine

What are the glycoprotein functions

Help protein folding in the ER due to kept in ER longer
Direct proteins to their final desitnation due to Lectins guide protein from ER to golgi

Improve protein function due increase solubiltiy and stability

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