G1/S checkpoint
G2/M
If all kinetochores are attached to the ends of microtubules
1) Both kinetochores are not attached
2) Only one kinetochore is attached
If this happens, the cell will keep trying until all chromatids are attached to opposite poles
A signal inactivates the APC, which prevents the destruction of proteins like securin and prevents anaphase
Anaphase protein complex is an enzyme which triggers the destruction (protein degradation) of securin
Accumulation of mutations because of uncontrolled cell division, which may happen if the signals controlling cell division are lost or ignored
1) Genes required for a checkpoint process stop working (may result in division despite the chromosomes not being properly attached to the microtubules)
2) Genes required for proper response to growth factor signals stop working (which may result in division even without the proper signals)
Inhibitory signals are found in neighboring cells, which will stop a cell from dividing when in contact
Yes, in some viruses, single-stranded DNA is found as the genetic material
Uracil
Cofactor in enzyme function
DNA polymerase, identified by Arthur Kornberg
dATP (deoxyadenosine triphosphate), dGTP (deoxyguanosine triphosphate), dCTP (deoxycytidine triphosphate), dTTP (deoxythymidine triphosphate)
A free 3-OH' end (in the correct position)
By adding monomer nucleotides to the 3'-OH end via a dehydration reaction
DNA polymerase III
The R strain underwent transformation, which is a change in genotype and phenotype due to assimilation of foreign DNA
Ester bonds that form between sugar and phosphate to form the backbone of nucleic acids
Exergonic, powers the polymerization
No, it can only add nucleotides to an existing polymer free 3'-OH
dNTPs (deoxynucleoside triphosphates)
Helicase
It relieves the strain due to twisting caused by helicase by cutting one strand, letting the DNA unwind by one turn, and then mending the cut
Preventing the DNA single strands from reattaching and can easily be displaced by DNA polymerase
It keeps the DNA polymerase on the template
It makes a primer (5-10 nucleotides long) out of RNA to indicate the starting point of DNA polymerase
No
5'-3'
It removes the RNA one nucleotide at a time from the 5' end replaces it with DNA (adding to the 3' end of the adjacent DNA)
No
DNA ligase
2 leading and 2 lagging strands