Bio lecture 24 slide 6 to lecture 27
Which checkpoint checks whether there is a signal to divide, if the cell is big enough, and if there are enough nutrients?
G1/S checkpoint
Which checkpoint checks whether DNA replication is complete & if the new DNA is free of errors?
G2/M
What is checked during the mitotic checkpoint?
If all kinetochores are attached to the ends of microtubules
What problems may occur when attaching the chromosomes to microtubules?
1) Both kinetochores are not attached
2) Only one kinetochore is attached
If this happens, the cell will keep trying until all chromatids are attached to opposite poles
What happens when the proteins at the kinetochore sense if a microtubule is not attached?
A signal inactivates the APC, which prevents the destruction of proteins like securin and prevents anaphase
What is APC?
Anaphase protein complex is an enzyme which triggers the destruction (protein degradation) of securin
What causes cancer?
Accumulation of mutations because of uncontrolled cell division, which may happen if the signals controlling cell division are lost or ignored
What are the examples of conditions that may result in an uncontrolled cell division?
1) Genes required for a checkpoint process stop working (may result in division despite the chromosomes not being properly attached to the microtubules)
2) Genes required for proper response to growth factor signals stop working (which may result in division even without the proper signals)
How do inhibitory signals work in cell division?
Inhibitory signals are found in neighboring cells, which will stop a cell from dividing when in contact
Do single-stranded DNAs exist?
Yes, in some viruses, single-stranded DNA is found as the genetic material
What nitrogenous base is used in place of uracil in RNA?
Uracil
What is the role of Mg+++ ions in DNA replication?
Cofactor in enzyme function
What enzyme can catalyze DNA synthesis from deoxyribonucleotides and who identified it?
DNA polymerase, identified by Arthur Kornberg
Mention all existing deoxyribonucleotides/dNTPs (deoxynucleoside triphosphates)
dATP (deoxyadenosine triphosphate), dGTP (deoxyguanosine triphosphate), dCTP (deoxycytidine triphosphate), dTTP (deoxythymidine triphosphate)
What acts as a primer for DNA synthesis?
A free 3-OH' end (in the correct position)
How is a new DNA polymer formed?
By adding monomer nucleotides to the 3'-OH end via a dehydration reaction
What enzyme catalyzes the formation of phosphodiester bonds?
DNA polymerase III
Why was the R strain of pneumonia mixed with the S strain able to kill the mouse?
The R strain underwent transformation, which is a change in genotype and phenotype due to assimilation of foreign DNA
What is a phosphodiester bond in DNA?
Ester bonds that form between sugar and phosphate to form the backbone of nucleic acids
Is a loss of phosphates an exergonic or endergonic reaction?
Exergonic, powers the polymerization
Can DNA polymerase initiate synthesis of a polynucleotide?
No, it can only add nucleotides to an existing polymer free 3'-OH
What is used as reactants in DNA replication?
dNTPs (deoxynucleoside triphosphates)
Which enzyme unwinds the DNA helix at the origins of replication?
Helicase
What is the function of topoisomerase in DNA replication?
It relieves the strain due to twisting caused by helicase by cutting one strand, letting the DNA unwind by one turn, and then mending the cut
What does the single-strand binding proteins do in DNA replication?
Preventing the DNA single strands from reattaching and can easily be displaced by DNA polymerase
What is the function of the DNA clamp in the elongation process?
It keeps the DNA polymerase on the template
What does the RNA primase enzyme do in DNA replication?
It makes a primer (5-10 nucleotides long) out of RNA to indicate the starting point of DNA polymerase
Does RNA primase require a 3'-OH?
No
In which direction does DNA polymerase III synthesizes the new DNA?
5'-3'
What is the function of DNA polymerase I?
It removes the RNA one nucleotide at a time from the 5' end replaces it with DNA (adding to the 3' end of the adjacent DNA)
Can DNA polymerase join an existing 3' to 5' end?
No
What enzyme joins the gap between the 3' and 5' end in a lagging strand?
DNA ligase
How many leading and lagging strand will be available at each replication bubble?
2 leading and 2 lagging strands
| Cuestionario |
|---|
| nederlands |
| toetsweek 1 bv |
| pneumoritis |
| Indiginous Terms |
| anti biotic Archaea bacillus Bacteria bacteriocin bacteriophage binary fission c |
| duits h2 2 |
| Prions, Viruses, Arcaea, Bacteria and Protists quiz reveiw |
| Prions, Viruses, Archaea, Bacteria, and Protists |
| duits h2 |
| Portuguese from Reddit |
| Prefixes 2Decoding Body Part Prefixes |
| Prefixes 1Decoding "Common" Terminologies |
| Bio - Unit 6 part 1 |
| nucelar fissionwhat it nucelur fission,how it works, how it happens, how its used , how nulceur power plant works |
| GONG CHA |
| Inflight Emergencies |
| Aircraft Systems |
| driving test |
| Translate these sentences into Japanese |
| midterm 4 |
| español 2 |
| ♡ Préposition |
| Biology midterm |
| proteins |
| German |
| Furniture |
| Disney |
| derivativeslatin |
| law |
| Pelear |
| ♡♡ |
| prov tyska |
| Socialpsykologi tenta |
| EnglishVocabulary |
| RFI Ranges 200bb (GTO Wizard) |
| Taals |
| Meiosis & Mitosis |
| juridik😪bye |
| spanish 2 |
| OPTA 222 (Renal System patho and disorders) |
| nederlands begrijpend lezen 2 |
| notions de philo |
| Lvl 3 Specs |
| Privatjuridik successionsrättjuridik |
| Fysiskt stridsvärde |
| state nicknames |
| Film FranchisesHunger Games, Wonka, Paddington, ... |
| ak se2 |
| Histoire : Rome domine la Méditerranée antiqueRome domine la Méditerranée antique du IIe (2e) siecle av. J.C au IV (4e) siècle ap. J.C |
| Histoire : Athènes, une thalassocratie. |
| Minerals |
| ♡ Questions |
| Ordtest v.47 |
| patie 4 |
| ♡ ropa |
| religion chapter 5 vocabvocab |
| french - education |
| nederlands begrijpend lezen |
| partie 3 |
| Ropas |
| partie 2 |
| partie 1 |
| Science Part bPractice test/ flashcards |
| Chirurgie générale - Pathologies bénignes et malignes du foie |
| bokföring |
| Business Booklet A |
| Chirurgie Générale - Tumeurs de l'oesophage |
| microbiology |
| Business Booklet C |
| flashcards ECO |
| Transactions émotionnelles |
| Renal |
| Privatjuridik familjerättjuridik |
| Business Bookelet B |
| Travel- Booklet C&D |
| completed |
| Maslow's New Hierarchy of Needs |
| Business Test 3 |
| Booklet E- Types of outflows |
| Booklet E- Types of Inflows |
| Information and Promotional Service Providers. |
| Trade Associations, Government departments and Regulatory Bodies. |
| Metod Social Psykologi |
| Phlebotomy final study |
| le accent |
| Atomic Size (Pre-IB SC 9) |
| Hospitality |
| Canadian stduies |
| JROTC Inspection Questions |
| history of Generative AI |
| Leadership |
| English - Dracula Quizg7uu |
| MANICURE AND PEDICURE TEST |
| BIO Examen 3 |
| Reneasia Turnerspelling |
| Biodiversity |
| Travel- Booklet B |
| Travel- Booklet A |
| bio208 midterm 2 |
| nederlands ( woord- synoniem) |
| spanish grammer |
| physics |
| Journalism vocab |
| french word revisonunit 4 higher vocab |
| Förenklad arabiska Glosor |
| AS UNIT 1.1 BIOflash cards |
| Electrotherapy |
| Psychologypsychology 104 - |
| Produit intérieur brutquiz |
| Medieval medicine 1250-1500 GSCEKnowledge Organiser - Topic One: Medieval Medicine 1250-1500
Medieval Britain
Key Words
Superstition
A belief, not based on knovledge, but in the
Medieval Britain is the period between 1250-1500 also ... |
| economie globale |
| Medieval medicine |
| Chapter 6- Chemical reactivity and mechanisms |
| Frencv high frequency words |
| Elements columns 3&4elements |
| GEN-PSYC Test #5 |
| aardrijkskunde |
| Infectious Disease |
| History - WWII, Fall of Singapore & Kokoda -ajaks quiz for history |
| goat production traits, reproduction traits and structural traits that are best |
| goat production traits, reproduction traits and structural traits that are best |
| 7 physical and chemical changes 17physical changes is when something that CAN be undo for example tearing a piece of paper, u can stick them back together
chemical changes is something that CANT be undo for example tarnish forming ri... |
| chicken digestive system and egg production system, egg incubation australia, |
| MAWflash |
| Strange Cases |
| Atoms (Pre-IB SC 9) |
| 3x3 Blind Algs |
| Chemical Families (Pre-IB SC 9) |
| afkortingen |
| Tables de multiplicationsAPPREND TES TABLES!!! (1 à 12) |
| AIRLINE ALPHABET |
| MythsMyths |
| (IATA=International Air Transport Association) |
| manicure & pedicure testbased on pg 29 - 35 in mani/pedi manual
manicuring powerpoint
nail disorders powerpoint |
| EEN SELECTIE VAN BESTEMMINGSCODES VAN ONZE KLANTEN |
| OVERZICHT MAATSCHAPPIJEN EN HUN PREFIX |
| cambridge u1&2hoofdstuk1&2 woordjes |
| Introduction to Parasitology = MicroImm 2500 |
| Ions (Pre-IB SC 9) |
| Anatomy 101 Chapter 9 Muscles |
| Instudering vxl/el 2023-11-14 |
| math |
| dictionary - JPN |
| Tekenen beeldaspecten |
| Optics quiz 2 |
| Surgical Conditions |
| Psychology 1100 Quiz 2 |
| modul 6 mån |
| l'Europe des lumières |
| L'Europe des lumières |
| L'Europe des lumières |
| Cold war |
| Historytest |
| biologi systematik 1 |
| component 11-14 |
| geog 133-150 |
| duits |
| gezondspsychologie |
| britain cap |
| Math and ScienceEXAM |
| the man with the hoe |
| English |
| Vocabulario de la casa |
| Bio 111L |
| behaviour |
| maatschijpijkundemaatschijpijkunde |
| Written Impact drills - Primary and Assist (Land) |
| H9 lever |
| strategies - geography |
| micro test#2 |
| measuring - geography |
| characteristics - geography |
| psycology midterm |
| Endocrine System |
| Prof.prac |
| factors - geography |
| biology |
| history quiz unit 4 |
| What i love about you |
| Chapter 9- Stress |
| genetics |
| Embry |
| comptia a+ 1102 |
| Engels onbekende woorden proefwerk m1 |
| Crim 2P33 test 2 |
| Fatigue Management |
| Raag Specifics (This year + last year) |
| GS 1.2/1.4 .. |
| Media online content |
| the declaration of independence and the american revolution |
| anglais ds |
| Thaats and Raags |
| abbie |
| Biology |
| Extra vocab |
| EXTREAMLY HARD HISTORY |
| FRENCH TEST REVISIONREVISION QUIZ FOR FRENCH TEST |
| Structural Techniques |
| Budgetplan |
| school |
| History Test Prep |
| sociology family and households |
| Bio H36 |
| Week 46 |
| year 9 physics |
| Bio H35 |
| Words to practise |
| Spanska läxprov |
| ak |
| Bio genetics |
| Elanläggn omprov |
| Science - Universe |
| year 9 french |
| maths |
| Commerce - Work and Wellbeing |
| englishmeaning of words |
| german vocab 9 |
| Commerce - Promoting and Selling |
| Biology |
| frans |
| computing |
| Histoire dedinitions |
| EN4-1A responds to and composes texts for understanding, interpretation, criticok\ |
| SOPS |
| History - WWII, Fall of Singapore & KokodaKokoda, Singapore and WWII |
| math |
| MCU Film List |
| spanish |
| Science yr8 Term 4 part 3 |
| méiose |
| EXAM |
| méiose |
| biology |
| Biobio |
| Thermo Chapter 2 Energy and Environment |
| Directors' Films |
| 349 and 352 Excavator Systems |
| Portuguese |
| Obstructed airway - Unconscious victim |
| US révision Dossier 1 Thème 1EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE |
| Raag Similarities and Differences |
| Protocols and Ports(TCP&UDP) for Servers |
| Secondary assessment |
| Insurance Exam |
| EMS exams |
| Voca |
| module 3: section 3 |
| physics paper 1 |
| PBE- 'Good,bad, right or wrong' |
| Olympics CitiesSummer Olympics Cities, since WWII |
| Ekologi 1 |
| english |
| psych multi-choice stuff |
| Nuisance to Defamation |
| change in state of matter -physicsincludes change in state of matter ,equations and so on........luv ya |
| No Time To Say Goodbye Proper Nouns |
| Tort to Trespass |
| english viet vocabterm 1 test |
| Section 2: Muscular System |
| Science Yr8 Term 4 part 2 |
| Science Yr8 term 4 Part 1 |
| Bio chema test of bio chem 9 |
| Biographies |
| 9.1 Hazardous environments |
| Best Director OscarYears when Best Director Oscar differed from Best Picture |
| SOPsStandard Operating Procedures |
| UESCA Running Coach Certification |
| Overload |
| Chapter 8- Weight management |
| cauaees of disease in renaissance period. |
| renaissance medicine |
| US Election LosersPost-WWII US Election Losing Candidates |
| EKOLOGI åk 9 |
| lecture 4 exam |
| HIS102 Term Test |
| ♡ comida |
| Community Leadership |
| Module 3: Section 1 |
| Engineering Materials Semester 1.1All content relating to engineering materials before reading week in semester one. |
| Female Reproductive SystemTest 11/10/23 |
| shapes of molecules |
| Inlärningsteori, psykodynamiskts, anknytningsteoris, kognitivteori, och dess teo1. En inlärningsteoretiker (tex. klassisk inlärningsteori, modern inlärningsteori och social inlärningsteori),
2. En psykodynamiker (tex. Freud, Erikson och anknytningssteori) 3. En kognitiv teoretike... |
| SSAT VocabI wanna go home |
| History Punishment |
| Tonåren från 11 år |
| Chem: Chapter 7 |
