Learning
Permanent changes in behaviour
Type of learning that is involuntary
Any event or object in the environment to which an organism responds. Sound, light, touch.
Inborn, Unlearned, automatic responses to environmental stimuli. Swallowing, coughing, blinking, sucking, grasping
Involuntary response to stimulus
Conditioned Reflex
Learned involuntary reponses
Unconditioned Response
Automatic, unlearned response to US
Unconditioned Stimulus
Stimulus elicits UR
Conditioned Stimulus
Previously neutral stimulus
Conditioned Response
Learned Response Made to CS
Eventual Disappearance of learned response
Sometimes occurs after the extinction
Conditioned response to a Stimulus similar to the original CS. (Fear of dogs)
Learned ability to distinguish between similar stimuli
1. Number of pairings of CS and US
2. Intensity of US
3. How reliably CS predicts US
4. Temporal Relationship between CS and US
Sensation and Perception
Senses detect visual, auditory and other sensory
Sensory information is actively organized, interpreted by brain
Just noticeable difference
Detect, Respond to one type of stimuli
Sensory receptors change sensory stimulation into neural impulses
Become less sensitive to unchanging sensory stimulus over time
Tiny light particles
Tough, transparent, protective layer covering front of eye, bends light rays inwards, through pupil
Small Dark opening in centre of iris
Coloured part of eye; Muscles dilate and contract pupil through reflex
Suspended behind iris and pupil, thin layers
See nearby objects clearly, distant images blurry
See distant objects clearly, clo,se objects blurry
Light sensitive receptors in retina
help see colour and fine detail. Dont function in very dim light
The clearest point of vision
Where cable runs through retinal wall
After Cable leaves retinal Wall
Hue
Saturation
Brightness
Colour we see (Red, green, blue, etc)
Purity of colour
Intensity of light energy we perceive
Pinna: Visible curved flap of cartilage and Skin
Ossicles - 3 smallest bones in body
Cochlea
Disease or injury to the eardrum or middle ear bone - Hearing aid can bypass middle ear
Damage to Cochlea or auditory nerve
Olfaction, olfactory Epithelium, Olfactory bulbs
Sensation of smell; a Chemical sense
Patch of tissue at top of each nasal cavity, also contains 10 million smell receptor cells
Messages from olfactory bulbs relayed to different parts of brain
Sense of taste, four basic tastes: Sweet, sour, salty, bitter (Umami)
Combined sensory experience of taste, smell, touch
Small bumps called Papullae
Tactile information conveyed to brain when object touches skin
German Word meaning whole form
Visual, Auditory, other stimuli with similar characteristics
Objects close together in space or time perceived as belonging together
Appear as continuous pattern
If parts of figure missing, perceive as whole
Ambiguous Figures
impossible figures
Illusions
Individual components of stimulus detected by sensory receptors
Past experience, knowledge of context plays role in forming perceptions
Expectations affect perceptions
Process of sorting sensations and selecting some for further processing
State of Consciousness
Continuous stream of Thought, feelings, Sensations, perceptions
Sleep
Controlled by the brain - Heart Rate
Hunger patterns, eyeblinks, heartbeats
Cycle exceeds 24 hour pattern
Small Structure in hypothalamus of brain
Non-rapid eye movement or quiet sleep
Rapid Eye Movement or Active sleep
Sleep Cycles last about 90 minutes
Light sleep - Transition between waking to sleeping
50% of sleep occurs; Somewhat deeper than stage 1
Deep sleep
Deepest sleep; more than 50% delta waves
Longest sleep time
Fall asleep easily for 9 hours
Average 7.6 hours sleep
More difficulty falling asleep, lighter sleep
Early to bed, difficulty with night shifts
Body temperature rises gradually through day, drops in evenings
Vivid dreams we remember
Mental activity during NREM sleep
Less than 6 hours sleep
More than 9 hours sleep
Sleep disturbances
Eyes open, blank stare
Often no memory of episodes
Frightening dreams during REM sleep
Occurs during any sleep stage
Insomnia
Focus attention on breathing, block out all distractions
Aware of what is going on
Compulsive drug use
Users progressively less affected
Physical and psychological symptoms occur when drug discontinued
Craving for drugs pleasurable effects
1. How quickly effects are felt
2. How pleasurable effects are
3. How long pleasurable effects last
4. How much discomfort when drug discontinued
Behaviourism
Conditioning voluntary responses
It is probably nice to be nice and reward your partner for anything.
Condition complex behaviour, Skinner box
Is a operation to study one kind of behaviour
Taking the reward out of the task, it'll change their behaviour
Believe a connection exist between acts and consequences
Can lead to frustration
learned response to stimulus similar to original stimulus
learning to distinguish between stimulus reinforced and other similar stimuli
Adding a reward
Subtracting something aversive
Adding something aversive
Subtracting something valuable
Fulfil basic physical need for survival, unlearned
Acquired via association with other reinforcers
Reinforce every correct response
Portion of correct responses are reinforced
Reinforcements given
Reinforcement after varying number of correct response
Reinforcement after a specific time interval passed response rate increases as time for reinforcement approaches, then drops after reinforcement
Reinforcement after varying amounts of time