geog 133-150
exponential growht
term used to describe rapid increase in populatio
crude birth rate
the number of live births per 1000 population per year
crude death rate
the number of deaths per 1000 population per year
natural increase
when birth rates are higher than drath rates: birth rates minus death rates
natural decrease
when death rates are higher than birth rates: death rates minus birth rates
annual population change formula
birth rates - death rates +/- migration
migration
the movement of people either in or out of an area
reasons for low birth rates in europe (social)
family planning is praticed, women are educated and career orientated, one or two children is a normal family size
reasons for low birth rates in europe (economic)
children unlikely to contribute to family income, expensive to raise a kid
reasons for low birth rates in europe (political)
govs support and finance family planning
reasons for high birth rates in middle east and africa (social)
family planning not widely used, many women recieve little education and marry young, five or more children are normal
reasons for high birth rates in middle east and africa (economic)
children are expected to work to supplement family income, one child who does well might lift family out of poverty
reasons for high birth rates in middle east and africa (political)
some govs n religions dont approve of birth control, family planning clinics arent always available
pattern 1
the more economically developed the country, the lower the birth rates
pattern 2
the wider the gap between high birth rates and death rates, the greater size of the natural increase
stage 1
High birth rates, high death rates, low natural increase, no countries
stage 2
High birth rates decreasing death rates, Natural increase becoming high, poor countries with low levels of economic development
stage 3
Decreasing birth rates, low death rates, high becoming low natural increase. Poor countries with improving levels of economic development
stage 4
Low birth rates, low death rates, low natural increase, rich countries
stage 5
Low birth rates, low death rates natural decrease. A few rich countries with very low birth rates
why death rates fall in stage 2
Improved medical care, cleaner water supplies, increased food output.
Population structure
Composition of a country's population by age and sex
census
Tool that collects data for population structure
Independent population
Group in society that works, earns money, contribute to pensions and pays income taxes
Dependent population
Majority depend upon services such as education and health care, paid by taxes collected from the working population
Dependency ratio
Ratio between the dependent and independent populations
Aging populations
Increasing proportion of old people
Environmental Degradation
Farmers using the land more intensively to the point where land and soil have been destroyed
desertification
Process whereby land is turned into a desert as a result of human activities
issues arising from population growth in developing countries rural areas
overgrazing, water, air, land pollution, deforestation, land degradation, soil erosion, desertification, lack of basic public services
issues arising from population growth in developing countries in urban areas
overcrowding, grwoth of shantytowns, water air, labd pilluiont, traffic congestion, inadequate public services
issues arising from population growth in developing countries
shortages or resiurces, unemployment n underemployment, lack of money, low living standards, rising crime, economy burdened, unstable govs, tension getween diff ppl
what changes birth rates
family planning, better education, later marriages, migration, improved healthcare, bterer employment prospects, education and careers for women, incomes distributed fairly
coping w aging populations
retirement afes r going up n age when govs have to start paying pensions.
german response to plunging birth rates
offer incentivies to couples to have more cgildren
eu many belive wgarrrrr
many believe that the only way for europe to maintsin its furute working population will be through immigration
migration
movement of ppl to live in a diff place within or without the same country
internal migration
movement of ppl to live in the same country different place
international migration
movement of ppl to live in a diff country
emigratio
moving out of a country
illeegal immigrants
immigrants who dont gace a document for entry
asylum seekers
illegal immigrants that are detained at entry points by custom officers
push factors
factors that push out of the country youre living in, factors that you dont like about the fountry ur living in
pull factors
facors that pull you towards new country, factors u like ab new country, attractions
voluntary migratoon
ehen a person makes the desicion to move
forced migratoon
compulsory migration n ppl who have little choics to move
refugees
forced migrants who move to another country
economic migration
movement for work
economic migration
seeking the better life w higher income