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geog 133-150

exponential growht

term used to describe rapid increase in populatio

crude birth rate

the number of live births per 1000 population per year

crude death rate

the number of deaths per 1000 population per year

natural increase

when birth rates are higher than drath rates: birth rates minus death rates

natural decrease

when death rates are higher than birth rates: death rates minus birth rates

annual population change formula

birth rates - death rates +/- migration

migration

the movement of people either in or out of an area

reasons for low birth rates in europe (social)

family planning is praticed, women are educated and career orientated, one or two children is a normal family size

reasons for low birth rates in europe (economic)

children unlikely to contribute to family income, expensive to raise a kid

reasons for low birth rates in europe (political)

govs support and finance family planning

reasons for high birth rates in middle east and africa (social)

family planning not widely used, many women recieve little education and marry young, five or more children are normal

reasons for high birth rates in middle east and africa (economic)

children are expected to work to supplement family income, one child who does well might lift family out of poverty

reasons for high birth rates in middle east and africa (political)

some govs n religions dont approve of birth control, family planning clinics arent always available

pattern 1

the more economically developed the country, the lower the birth rates

pattern 2

the wider the gap between high birth rates and death rates, the greater size of the natural increase

stage 1

High birth rates, high death rates, low natural increase, no countries

stage 2

High birth rates decreasing death rates, Natural increase becoming high, poor countries with low levels of economic development

stage 3

Decreasing birth rates, low death rates, high becoming low natural increase. Poor countries with improving levels of economic development

stage 4

Low birth rates, low death rates, low natural increase, rich countries

stage 5

Low birth rates, low death rates natural decrease. A few rich countries with very low birth rates

why death rates fall in stage 2

Improved medical care, cleaner water supplies, increased food output.

Population structure

Composition of a country's population by age and sex

census

Tool that collects data for population structure

Independent population

Group in society that works, earns money, contribute to pensions and pays income taxes

Dependent population

Majority depend upon services such as education and health care, paid by taxes collected from the working population

Dependency ratio

Ratio between the dependent and independent populations

Aging populations

Increasing proportion of old people

Environmental Degradation

Farmers using the land more intensively to the point where land and soil have been destroyed

desertification

Process whereby land is turned into a desert as a result of human activities

issues arising from population growth in developing countries rural areas

overgrazing, water, air, land pollution, deforestation, land degradation, soil erosion, desertification, lack of basic public services

issues arising from population growth in developing countries in urban areas

overcrowding, grwoth of shantytowns, water air, labd pilluiont, traffic congestion, inadequate public services

issues arising from population growth in developing countries

shortages or resiurces, unemployment n underemployment, lack of money, low living standards, rising crime, economy burdened, unstable govs, tension getween diff ppl

what changes birth rates

family planning, better education, later marriages, migration, improved healthcare, bterer employment prospects, education and careers for women, incomes distributed fairly

coping w aging populations

retirement afes r going up n age when govs have to start paying pensions.

german response to plunging birth rates

offer incentivies to couples to have more cgildren

eu many belive wgarrrrr

many believe that the only way for europe to maintsin its furute working population will be through immigration

migration

movement of ppl to live in a diff place within or without the same country

internal migration

movement of ppl to live in the same country different place

international migration

movement of ppl to live in a diff country

emigratio

moving out of a country

illeegal immigrants

immigrants who dont gace a document for entry

asylum seekers

illegal immigrants that are detained at entry points by custom officers

push factors

factors that push out of the country youre living in, factors that you dont like about the fountry ur living in

pull factors

facors that pull you towards new country, factors u like ab new country, attractions

voluntary migratoon

ehen a person makes the desicion to move

forced migratoon

compulsory migration n ppl who have little choics to move

refugees

forced migrants who move to another country

economic migration

movement for work

economic migration

seeking the better life w higher income

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