britain cap
harold macmillan
strengths:
he led the conservatives to success in 1959 with an increased majority
facilitated the decolonisation of africa
nuclear test ban treaty
clean air act 1956
rebuilt us relationships
weaknesses:
left wing
by 1963 unemployment had reached 1 million in britain
reliance on keynesianism
churchill
strengths:
orate speaker - 'we shall fight on the beaches'
led britain to victory
action centred leadership
decolonisation granting independence to india
the beveridge report - churchill endorsed findings of the beverdige report this laid foundation for the creation of national health sevice (nhs)
weaknesses:
self centred in leadership
bengal famine in 1943 where millions of people died due to food shortages
dieppe raid 1942 which resulted in significant losses for the allied forces
outdated views
remarks against ghandi
eden
strengths:
policy of decolonisation granting independence to sudan and ghana
reducing tarrifs and fostering international cooperation
relationship with us - wanted anglo-american alliance
weaknesses:
policies led to inflation and labor unrest
handling of suez crisis - took military action against france and israel. seen as an act of agression against egypt and a setback for british foreign policy
r.a butler
strengths:
educational reforms
leadership during suez crisis
played a crucial role in preventing military intervention
weakness:
lack of charisma and public speaking skills
failed to implement any major policies during his tenure
hesitant to make decisions
butler faced challenges in managing his own party
post war consensus
agreement between main parties after ww2 including:
working with both trade unions and employers
support for nhs
a belief jn mixed economy - involvement from state as well as private enterprise
a wish to ensure full employment
housing
in 1951 the conservative manifesto promised to build 300,000 houses a year
macmillian as housing minister oversaw the success of this
education after ww2
tripartite system resumed
bias testing with girls pass mark needing to be higher
social reforms after ww2
clean air act 1956
the wolfden commision recommended same s behaviour shall not be a crime
post war boom
'give away budget' -134m to wc
allowed britain's population to increaxe by 52%
full employment met
the profumo affair
relationship with a soviet spy led to his resignation - fear of cold war secrets being leaked
empire 1960-1970
s.a left the british commonwealth
diplomacy failed - many on labour left and britain looked weak
britain by 1970
wanted :
stable economy
strengthened european relations
modernising policies
leader they want:
clear policies
leadership experiences
strong government
1970's
increased unemployment
inflation
industrial strife
radical social change
edward heaths positives and negatives
strengths:
moving united kingdom into the eec allosing for a strengthened bond between england and europe
equal pay act
abolition of the death penalty
negatives:
high inflation
unemployment
conservatives promise
efficient and pragmatic politician
1972 local government acts
negative:
1973 sunningdale agreement
banning of free milk 1971
1973 oil crisis
rising inflation
increased wage demands
miners start overtime ban to put pressure on coal supplies
3 day week
heaths whitlow law declined by miners
Britain's international standing
maintained:
• continued nuclear deal usa -removed a
world powef
• nato - still a member
•vietnam - supported by British population
declined:
•EEC - second go' rejected 1967
•empire-Rhodsea crisis 'wind of change'
IMF loans - reliance financial support
wilsons aims
closer relations with europe to boost economy
maintained alliance with USA for economic and security
continue managed decline of the empire of financial reasons
no expensive foreign commitments
troubles (1970-1974)
march 1971 : 3 british soldiers killed
jan 1972 : bloody sunday - 13 killed by british
labour party problems
high infaltion (15%)
economic recession
oli crises of 1973 pushed up price of oil and gas
unemployment (sharp) had risen to over 1 million
persistant trade union unrest - strikes threatened economic stability
callaghans positives
fairer society
he introduced the first minimum wage snd founded open university
worked to reduce unemployment and inflation
peace agreement in northern island
negative:
failed to handle wintet og discontent in 1978-79 resulting in strikes / disruption to public services
women social revolution 1970
revolution:
•equal pay act
•the contraceptive pill
•sex discrimination act
no revolution:
•only 10% of sex discrimination cases were successful as evidence difficult to atain
immigrant social revolution 1970's
revolution:
an increase in commonwealth countries
greater cultural diversity
no revolution:
not led to tensuons between communities
weren't welcomed by all sections of society
skinheads
developed from the mod scene of 1960's
tended to be working class influenced by jamaican culture
punk
influenced by american bands
nihililism
moral panic came because of them
thatcher key dates
1979- term began when she accepted invitation from the queen
1980-monetarism adapted - inflation less than 5%
1982- Faklands war
1988- stressed importance of nato
thatcherism
private enterprise
entreprenourial economy - less power on trade unions
dismantling of coal and steel producers
cutting on social welfare like housing
lasting impact
first sea lord
thatcher sunk the argentine cruiser
leech stated his concern
ship was out of exclusion zone and posed no immediate threst to britain
north sea
immense economic benefits- healthcare eductaion and housing funded
redyce the uks dependency on foreign oil
created jobs
thatchers appeal
upper class
renters