medical terminology Chapter 4
structural component of the nucleus
chromatin
threadlike structures within the nucleus composed of DNA
chromosomes
molecule that holds genetic information capable of replicating and producing an exact copy whenever the cell divides
deoxyribunucleic acid
sum of all physical and chemical changes that take place in a cell or an organism
metabolism
building up of body constituents
anabolism
breaking down of body constituents
catabolism
cellular structure that provides a specialized function, such as the nucleus, ribosomes, golgi apparatus
organelle
act as the sites of chemical reactions
membrane
five levels of organization
cells
tissues
organs
organ systems
organism
smallest structural and fuctional unit of life
cells
three main structures of the cell
cell membrane, cytoplasm, nucleus
study of the cell
cytology
acts as barrier that supports and protects the intracellular contents
cell membrane
jellylike matrix of proteins, salts, water, dissolved gases, and nutrients
cytoplasm
largest organelles and directs the cell's activities
nucleus
how many chromosomes
46
composed of similar cells that perform specialized function
tissue
study of tissues
histology
four types pf tissues
epithelial, connective, muscle, nervous
makes up the outer layer of the skin
epithelial tissue
supports and connects other body tissues. examples are cartilage, adipose, and bone
connective tissue
provides the contractile tissue of the body, responsible for movement
muscle tissue
transmits electrical impulses as it relays information throughout the body
nervous tissue
body structures that perform specialized functions
organs
highest level of organization
organism
body posture used among anatomists and clinicians as a position of reference to ensure uniformity and consistency in locating anatomical parts or divisions of the human body
anatomical position
how does the person stands in anatomical position
person stands erect, facing forward, arms at the side of the body, palms of the hands turned forward and the feet parallel to each other
is an imaginary flat surface that divides the body into two sections
plane
types of planes
coronal, transverse, midsagittal
frontal, horizontal, midsagittal
divides the body into anterior and posterior section
coronal or frontal plane
divides the body into top and bottom sections
transverse or horizontal plane
runs through the center of the body, dividing the body into left and right halves
midsagittal plane
MRI meaning
Magnetic Resonance Imaging
CT meaning
computed tomography
movement away from the midsagittal plane of the body
abduction
movement towards the midsagittal plane of the body
adduction
pertaining to the midline of the body or structure
medial
pertaining to a side
lateral
toward the head or upper portion of a structure
superior
cephalad
away from the head, or toward the tail or lower part of a structure
inferior
caudal
nearer to the center (trunk of the body) or to point of attachment to the body
proximal
further from the center or from the point of attachment to the body.
distal
front of the body
anterial or ventral
back of the body
posterior or dorsal
pertaining to the outer wall of the body cavity
parietal
pertaining to the viscera, or internal organs, especially the abdominal organs
visceral
lying on the abdomen, face down
prone
lying horizontally on the back, face up
supine
turning inward or inside out
inversion
turning outward
eversion
pertaining to the palm of the hand
palmar
pertaining to the sole of the foot
plantar
toward the surface of the body
superficial
away from the surface of the body
deep
are soaces within the body that hold, protect, separate, and support internal organs
body cavities
2 body cavities
dorsal cavity and ventral cavity
a cavity that formed by the skull and contains the brain
cranial cavity
a cavity formed by the backbone and contains the spinal cord
spinal cavity
membranes that lines body cavities and covers the brain and the spinal cord
meninges
ventral cavity is divided into what cavities?
thoracic and abdominopelvic cavity
muscular wall that separates the thoracic cavity to the abdominopelvic cavity
diaphragm
cavity that contains the lungs and heart
thoracic cavity
cavity that contains the liver, stomach, intestines, and kidneys
abdominal cavity
inferior to the abdominal cavity, contains the urinary bladder and reproductive organs
pelvic cavity
two methods of dividing the abdominopelvic cavity into smaller areas
quadrants and regions
what does the right upper quadrant have? RUQ
right lobe of the liver
gallbladder
part of the pacrean and small and large intestines
what does the left upper quadrant have?
left lobe of the liver
stomach
spleen
part of pncreas small and large intestine
what does the righ lower quadrant have
appendix, right ovary, right fallopian tube, right ureter
what does the left lower quadrant have?
left ovary
left fallopian tube
left ureter
what are the nine abdominopelvic regions
from right to left, up to down
right hypochondriac region
epigastric
left hypochondriac
right lumbar
umbilical
left lumbar
right inguinal or iliac
hypogastric
left inguinal or iliac
cyt/o
cell
hist/o
tissue
kary/o or nucle/o
nucleus
-logist
specialist in the study of
-logy
study of
-lysis
separation, destruction, loosening
-ar
pertaining to
anter/o
anterior or front
caud/o
tail
-ior
pertaining to
-ad
toward
karyolysis
destruction of the nucleus
cephal/o
head
dist/o
far, farthest
dors/o
back of the body
infer/o
lower/below
later/o
side, to one side
medi/o
middle
poster/o
back of the body, behind, or posterior
proxim/o
near, nearest
ventr/o
belly, belly side
albin/o
white
leuk/o
white
chrom/o
color
-ism
condition
-ic
pertaining to
cirrh/o
yellow
jaund/o
yello
xanth/o
yellow
cyan/o
blue
erythro/o
red
melan/o
black
poli/o
gray or gray matter
myel
bone marrow
radi/o
radiation or xray
tom/o
to cut
viscer/o
internal organs
-ar
pertaining to
-ic
pertaining to
graphy
process of recording
infra-
below or under
peri-
around
super-
upper or above
ultra-
excess or beyond
stable internal environment
homeostasis
when homeostasis is disrupted and organization in the body cannot function well
disease
objective indicators that are observable
signs
subjective indicator of disease
symptoms
example of signs
rash, tissue redness, and swelling
example of symtoms
dizziness, pain, nausea
Dx
diagnosis
Sx
symptom
Tx
treatment
cause and nature of a disease
diagnosis
prediction of the course of a disease and its probably outcome
prognosis
a disease in which the cause is unknown
idiopathic disease
abnormal fibrous band that holds or binds together tissues that are normally separated
adhesion
abnormal accumulation of fluid because of disease or failure of the lymphatic system
edema
if indentation in an edema persist
pitting edemaif
having or showing symptoms of a fever
febrile
death and decay of soft tissues because of circulatory obstruction or infection
gangrene
protrusion of any organ through the structure that normally contains it
hernia
body defense against injury, infection, or allergy marked by redness
inflammation
fungal infection in the body
mycosis
myc
fungus
-osis
abnormal condition
hole that completely penetrates a structure
perforation
inflammation of the peritonium
peritonitis
sudden breaking or bursting of a structure or a organ
rupture
severe bacterial infection of the tissues; sepsis or blood poisoning
septicemia
formation of pus
suppuration
sequence of procedures for evaluating the health status of a patient
assessment techniques
listening to the heart, bowel and lungs with/o stethoscope
auscultation
general observation of the patient
inspection
putting hands to an area to determine the size, consistency, tecture, symmetry, and tenderness of underlying structure
palpation
taaping of a structure with the hand to assess consistency and presence of fluid
percussion
visual examination inside a body cavity
endoscopy
laboratory test on a serum to determine biochemical imbalance, abnormalities, and nutritional condition
blood chemistry analysis
broad screening test used for RBC WBC AND PLATELETS
complete blood count
imaging technique that rotates an xray emitter around the area
computed tomography
tom/o
to cut
CT scan
compiter generates a detailed cross sectional image of a structure, may detect tumor, bone displacment, fluid accumulation
technique where xrays are directed to the body to a fluorescent creen and shows continuous motion of structures
fluoroscopy
fluor/o
luminous or fluorescent
technique that uses radio waves and strong mgnetic field to produce detailed views of soft tissues
magnetic resonance imaging
technique in which a tracer (radioactive material) is put in the body (inhaled, ingested, or injected), and a gamma camera produces images of structures
nuclear scan
records the positrons (+) emitted to produce an image of the metabolic activity of tissue to determine the presence of diseases
positron emission tomography
useful in scanning the bran and nervous system
pet or positron emission tomography
srays are passed through an area and captured on a film to produce image
radiography or xray
integrates computed tomography and tracer innjected into the blood stream to obserce rhe blood flow throughout the body
single-photon emission computed tomography
hugh frequency sound waves sre directed into soft tissues and reflected as echoes to produce an image on a monitor
untrasonography or ultrasound
-ultra
excess
removal of a representative tissue sample from a body site
biopsy
a type of biopsy in which the entire lesion is removed
excisional
biopsy in which a sample of the lesion is removed
incisional
removal of a body part, pathway, or function by surgery, chemical destruction, freezing
ablation
surgical joining of two ducts
anastomosis
types of anastomosis
end-to-end, end-to-side, side -to-side
scraping of a body cavity with a spoon shaped instrument called curette
curettage
use of an electrically activated instrument to burn and detroy diseased tissue
electrocauterization
incision made to allow the free flow of fluids and pus
incision and drainage or I&D
use of high intensity laser light beam to remove diseased tissues
laser surgery
surgical procedure used to replace or compensate for a previously implanted device
revision
AP
anteroposterior
Bx or bx
biopsy
CBC
complete blood coumt
CT
computed tomography
DNA
deoxyribonucleic acid
Dx
diagnosis
I&D
incision and drainage
LAT, lat
lateral
LLQ
left lower quadrant
LUQ
left upper quadrant
MRI
magnetic resonance imaging
PET
positrons emission tomography
RF
rheumatoid factor, radio frequency
RLQ
right lower quadrant
RUQ
right upper quadrant
SPECT
single-photon emission computed tomography
Sx
symptoms
Tx
treatment
U&L, U/L
upper and lower
US
ultrasound or ultrasonography