PSYCH*1000 personality
Personality
characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and behaving that is unique to each individual, and remains relatively consistent over time and situations
Idiographic approach
creating detailed descriptions of a specific persons unique personality characteristics
Nomothetic approach
examine personality in large groups of people, with the aim of making generalizations about personality structure.
A personality trait
describes a specific psychological characteristic that makes up part of a persons personality
Factor analysis
used to group items that people respond to similarity.
Five factor model (FFM)
a trait based theory of personality based on the finding that personality can be described using five major dimensions. OCEAN
1. Openness
2. Conscientiousness
3. Extraversion
4. Agreeableness
5. Neuroticism
HEXACO model of personality
a six factor theory that generally replicates the five factors of the FFM and adds one additional factor.
Dark triad
Machiavellianism, psychopathy, and narcissism- describe a person who is socially
Machiavellianism- a tendency to use people and to be manipulative and deceitful, lacking respect for others and focusing predominantly on ones own self-interest
Psychopathy- a general tendency toward having shallow emotional responses
Narcissism- an egotistical preoccupation with self-image and an excessive sense of self-importance
Right-wing authoritarianism (RWA)
as a problematic set of personality characteristics that also predisposes people to certain types of violent or anti-social tendencies
3 main temperaments of a 3 year old
Well adjusted-capable of self-control, confident, not overly upset by new people or situations
Under-controlled. Impulsive, restless, distractible, emotionally volatile
Inhibited- socially uncomfortable, fearful, easily upset by strangers
State
a temporary physical or psychological engagement that influences behaviour
Four general aspects of situations
locations, associations, activities, subjective states
Reciprocal determinism
personality emerges from the interactions between behaviour, internal factors, and external factors, all of which mutually influence each other
Response styles
characteristic ways of responding to questions; these responses styles are highly influenced by cultural norms
Genome
wide association study (GWAS) involves examining the DNA of the entire genome of individuals and determining which genetic variants are associated with a particular trait (including diseases)
Humourism
which explained both physical illnesses and disorders of personality as resulting from imbalances in key fluids in the body
Phrenology
the theory that personality characteristics could be assessed by carefully measuring the shape of the skull
Arousal theory of extraversion
arguing that extraversion is determined by peoples threshold for arousal
Ascending reticular activating system (ARAS)
plays a central role in controlling this arousal response
Behavioural activation system (BAS)
is a go system, arousing the person to action in the pursuit of desired goals
Behavioural inhibition system (BIS)
is more of a danger system motivating the person to action in order to avoid punishments or other negative outcomes
Conscious mind
is your current awareness, containing everything you are aware of right now
The unconscious mind
is a much more vast and powerful but inaccessible part of your consciousness, operating without your conscious endorsement or will to influence and guide your behaviours
id
represents a collection of basic biological drives, including those directed toward sex and aggression
Superego
compromises our values and moral standards
Ego
the decision maker, frequently under tension, trying to reconcile the opposing urges of the id and superego
Defence mechanisms
unconscious strategies the ego uses to reduce or avoid anxiety. Examples include projection, rationalization, reaction formation, repression, sublimation
Fixation
involves becoming preoccupied with obtaining the pleasure associated with a particular stage as a result of not being able to adequately regulate themselves and satisfy their needs at that stage
Projective tests
personality tests in which ambiguous images are presented to an individual to elicit responses that reflect unconscious desires or conflicts
Rorschach inkblot test
in which people are asked to describe what they see in an inkblot and psychologists interpret this description using a standardized scoring and interpretation method
Thematic appreciation test (TAT)
which asks respondents to tell stories about ambiguous pictures involving various interpersonal situations
Analytical psychology
focuses on the role of unconscious archetypes in personality development
Personal unconscious
a vast repository of experiences and patterns absorbed during the persons life
The collective unconscious
a separate, non personal realm of the unconscious that holds the collective memories and mythologies of humankind, stretching deep into our ancestral past
Archetypes
are images and symbols that reflect common patterns of experience across all cultures
Inferiority complex
the struggle many people have with feelings of inferiority, which stem from experiences of helplessness and powerlessness during childhood.
Person centered perspective
people are basically good, and given the right environment their personality will develop fully and normally.
self-actualization
the point at which a person reaches their full potential as a creative, deep-thinking, and accepting human being.
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