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PSYCH*1000 personality

Personality

characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and behaving that is unique to each individual, and remains relatively consistent over time and situations

Idiographic approach

creating detailed descriptions of a specific persons unique personality characteristics

Nomothetic approach

examine personality in large groups of people, with the aim of making generalizations about personality structure.

A personality trait

describes a specific psychological characteristic that makes up part of a persons personality

Factor analysis

used to group items that people respond to similarity.

Five factor model (FFM)

a trait based theory of personality based on the finding that personality can be described using five major dimensions. OCEAN
1. Openness

2. Conscientiousness

3. Extraversion

4. Agreeableness

5. Neuroticism

HEXACO model of personality

a six factor theory that generally replicates the five factors of the FFM and adds one additional factor.

Dark triad

Machiavellianism, psychopathy, and narcissism- describe a person who is socially
Machiavellianism- a tendency to use people and to be manipulative and deceitful, lacking respect for others and focusing predominantly on ones own self-interest

Psychopathy- a general tendency toward having shallow emotional responses

Narcissism- an egotistical preoccupation with self-image and an excessive sense of self-importance

Right-wing authoritarianism (RWA)

as a problematic set of personality characteristics that also predisposes people to certain types of violent or anti-social tendencies

3 main temperaments of a 3 year old

Well adjusted-capable of self-control, confident, not overly upset by new people or situations
Under-controlled. Impulsive, restless, distractible, emotionally volatile

Inhibited- socially uncomfortable, fearful, easily upset by strangers

State

a temporary physical or psychological engagement that influences behaviour

Four general aspects of situations

locations, associations, activities, subjective states

Reciprocal determinism

personality emerges from the interactions between behaviour, internal factors, and external factors, all of which mutually influence each other

Response styles

characteristic ways of responding to questions; these responses styles are highly influenced by cultural norms

Genome

wide association study (GWAS) involves examining the DNA of the entire genome of individuals and determining which genetic variants are associated with a particular trait (including diseases)

Humourism

which explained both physical illnesses and disorders of personality as resulting from imbalances in key fluids in the body

Phrenology

the theory that personality characteristics could be assessed by carefully measuring the shape of the skull

Arousal theory of extraversion

arguing that extraversion is determined by peoples threshold for arousal

Ascending reticular activating system (ARAS)

plays a central role in controlling this arousal response

Behavioural activation system (BAS)

is a go system, arousing the person to action in the pursuit of desired goals

Behavioural inhibition system (BIS)

is more of a danger system motivating the person to action in order to avoid punishments or other negative outcomes

Conscious mind

is your current awareness, containing everything you are aware of right now

The unconscious mind

is a much more vast and powerful but inaccessible part of your consciousness, operating without your conscious endorsement or will to influence and guide your behaviours

id

represents a collection of basic biological drives, including those directed toward sex and aggression

Superego

compromises our values and moral standards

Ego

the decision maker, frequently under tension, trying to reconcile the opposing urges of the id and superego

Defence mechanisms

unconscious strategies the ego uses to reduce or avoid anxiety. Examples include projection, rationalization, reaction formation, repression, sublimation

Fixation

involves becoming preoccupied with obtaining the pleasure associated with a particular stage as a result of not being able to adequately regulate themselves and satisfy their needs at that stage

Projective tests

personality tests in which ambiguous images are presented to an individual to elicit responses that reflect unconscious desires or conflicts

Rorschach inkblot test

in which people are asked to describe what they see in an inkblot and psychologists interpret this description using a standardized scoring and interpretation method

Thematic appreciation test (TAT)

which asks respondents to tell stories about ambiguous pictures involving various interpersonal situations

Analytical psychology

focuses on the role of unconscious archetypes in personality development

Personal unconscious

a vast repository of experiences and patterns absorbed during the persons life

The collective unconscious

a separate, non personal realm of the unconscious that holds the collective memories and mythologies of humankind, stretching deep into our ancestral past

Archetypes

are images and symbols that reflect common patterns of experience across all cultures

Inferiority complex

the struggle many people have with feelings of inferiority, which stem from experiences of helplessness and powerlessness during childhood.

Person centered perspective

people are basically good, and given the right environment their personality will develop fully and normally.

self-actualization

the point at which a person reaches their full potential as a creative, deep-thinking, and accepting human being.

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