BIOCHEM
It is called _______________ or ________________ chemistry
biological and physiological chemistry
it is the study of the chemical and molecular bases of life.
Biochemistry
Why do we need to study biochemistry?
To give the precise and correct medical intervention
It teaches how the biol0gical molecules like carbohydrates,protien,lipids nucleic acid give rise to different chemical processes in the living cell wich in turn gives rise to the complexity of life
Biochemistry
who was the first german scientist to perforn the biochemistry in 1903?
carl neuberg
It is a serious in a day to day life. And if not taken care of , this may lead to life threatening complications affecting cardiac and central nervous system. There is also a chance that the patient may go into seizure and coma
Hypoglycemia
Hypo --> ?
Hyper--> ?
Gly--> ?
Emia--> ?
gets down, gets up, glucose, blood
So, a thoroughunderstanding of the biochemical processes taking place in the body will help the nurse to have a ?
Patient centered approach in the treatment
Generally, knowing the normal processes that occur within the body will help us to _________________________that can occur during disease conditions so that an effective medical treatment can be facilitated.
Identify alterations
Study of biochemistry is significantly important for nurses because it facilitates the nurses to: (give 5)
- Understand the biochemical basis of health and illness
- interpret the biochemical diagnostics test reports
- contributes towards health promotion with biochemical aspect
- carry out effective assessment and planning for nursing needs
- implement the health education based on biochemical rationalization.
- Understand the biochemical basis of health and illness
- interpret the biochemical diagnostics test reports
- contributes towards health promotion with biochemical aspect
- carry out effective assessment and planning for nursing needs
- implement the health education based on biochemical rationalization.
Significance of studying biochem
Biochemistry teaches about homeostasis and electrolyte balance and a nurse should understand the importance of it in the body
true
Why does all the organs in the body function?
To maintain homeostasis
Biochemistry teaches about the normal and abnormal metabolite levels, and this knowledge helps the nurse to ___________________________by maintaining the fluid and electrolytes.
take special care
It is the ability or tendency of a living organism, cell, or group to keep the conditions inside it the same, despite any changes in the conditions around it, or this state of internal balance.
Homeostasis
The various biochemical tests like kidney function test, lipid profile test, liver function test, will help the nurse to diagnose diseases and the test results will help in assesing the needs of the paient to provide an effective care.
true
It is a sakit wherein bumababa ang sodium and chloride ay nawawala and electrolytes are decreasing. In treating this, Oresol and Pedialight are used.
Diarrhea
BGT BLOOD TEST:
- This test has normal value, random, and anytime you can get blood/blood samples.
RBS / Random Blood sugar
BGT BLOOD TEST:
- NPO is rquired, 6-7 hours fasting, nothing should be ingested 12 midnight to 6 or 7 am.
FBS / Fasting blood test sugar
BGT BLOOD TEST:
- It is the test the is the most preffered by doctors, it measures average 2-3 months of blood sugar (glucose level)
- Most relied result
Hb1AC/ hemoglobin A1C
BGT BLOOD TEST:
- BUN ( Blood Urea Nitrogen) and Creatinine are mataas and probably 800+ yung tinaas nung creatinine, so it means or the test shows that? what is the test used? (2 answers)
Kidney diseas, Kidney Function test, KDT
BGT BLOOD TEST:
- SGOT ( Serum Glutamic Oxaloacetic Transaminase)
- SGPT ( Serum Glutamae Pyruvate Transaminase)
- Bilirubin
- If all of this is mataas, what is the possible diagnosis? what test was used? (2 answer)
may tama liver, patient can have hepatitis, LFT / Liver Function Test
BGT BLOOD TEST:
- HDL (High Density lipoprotein)
- LDL (Low Density Lipoprotein)
- TG (Triglycerides)
- Cholesterol
- If mataas lahat there is a risk of? What test is used?
Heart attack, LPT/Lipid Profile Test
What are the good and bad Cholesterols?
HDL LDL
Every drug has a biochemical action and this knowledge will help in ____________________________ an the right duration of treatment a patient requires
Appropriate doses
It teaches the relation between health, diet and disease. It focuses on how each nutrient functions metabolically and biochemically.
Nutritional Biochemistry
In a nutrition, biochemistry is important in nursing because it gives knowledge about normal chemical process within the living cells and any change in it helps in the diagnosis of disease, thereby helping the nurse to provide an effective care to the patient.
true
It is the basic structural functional and biological unit of life and all organisms are made up of it
Cell
A-->M-->C-->T-->O-->S-->O
Atom, molecule, cell, tissue, organ, system, organism
It is the latin word that means small room
who discovered cells in 1665?
Cellula, Robert hooke
Review only:
- Cells are building block of life, where all the chemical processes occur.
- Cells take up biological molecules convert them into energy or use them into energy or use them to carry out specialized functions
- It also contains the hereditary material which determine the genetic characteristics
cell
Who developed the cell theory?
Matthias Jacob Schleiden and Theodor Schwann
All organisms are composed of one or more cells, and that all cells come from pre-existing cells. The vital functions of an organism occur within the cells and that all cells contain hereditary information necessary for cell functions and for transmitting from one generation to the next.
Matthias jacob Schleiden and Theodor Schwann
Every living things are made up of cell.
- some organisms are made up of just one cell __________
- some organisms are made up of many cells ___________
Unicellular, Multicellular
The human body is built with about how many cells?
30 to 40 million cells
These are cells have a true nucleus and it has a nuclear membrane within which there is well deffined chromosomes. These are called ______________ . They may be single -celled or multicellular organisms.
Eukaryotic cells
•those cells whose
nucleus is not distinct and their DNA is
not organized into chromosomes.
• They lack most of the membrane bound
organelles.
Prokaryotic cells
What are prokaryotic called?
prokaryotes
Cell whose nucleus is not distinct and their DNA is not organized into chromosomec. They lack most of membrane bound organelles.
prokaryotic cells
A typical eukaryotic cell, As seen under light microscope has two
major parts (2)
- Cell membrane
- The cutoplasm and its organelles
Difference of protoplasm and cytoplasm
Protoplasm - kasama si nucleus all organelles and nucleus in cutoplasm with nucleus
Cutoplasm - All organelles but nucleus consist of that part of the cell ,where the organelles except the nucleus are suspended to .
PART OF THE CELL
•It is a thin, elastic, semi permeable
membrane of 7.5 to 10 nanometers
thickness.
• It is a living membrane made up of
phospholipid bilayer embedded with proteins.
• It is a flexible membrane and so it can fold in or out.
• It is made up of 55 % proteins, 25 % phospholipids, 13 % cholesterol, 4% lipids and 3% carbohydrates.
Cell Membrane
FUNCTION OF WHAT PART OF THE CELL?
• It protects the cell contents from the surrounding environmement.
• It provides a shape to the cell.
• It is semi permeable and allows transport of certain substances into and out of the cell.
• It helps in forming cell junctions.
Functions of cell membrane
PART OF THE CELL
• It is a clear gelatinous fluid that fills the cell and surrounds the organelle.
• It contains 90 % water, dissolved
substances, minerals, sugar, irons,
vitamins, amino acids, proteins and
enzymes.
Cytoplasm
PART OF THE CELL
• It is the seat for many pathways like glycolysis and HMP
(Hexose monophosphate) pathway.
• It contains well organized structures called organelles which vary in size from a few nanometers to many micrometers and they are
specialized to carry out one or more vital functions of the cell.
Cytoplasm
PART OF THE CELL
• These are tiny, sausage shaped
structures of diameter 0.5 to 1 micrometer.
• It is found both in plant and animal
cells.
• It has a double membrane envelope: an inner membrane and an outer membrane.
Mitochodrion
PART OF THE CELL
• It is called as “Power house of the cell” as it generates energy in the form of AdenosineTriphosphate (ATP) which is required by all the cells.
Mitochondrion
Mitochodrion:
The inner membrane is folded and pleated
(double fold) and it is called _________.
cristae
MITOCHONRION
• It provides large surface area for different biochemical processes as it contains many oxidative enzymes.
• Within this membrane are the proteins involved in electron transport chain, ATP synthase and transport proteins.
• It is impermeable to molecules and ions but allows the free passage of carbon dioxide, oxygen and water.
• The metabolites are transported across the membrane with the help of transport proteins.
inner membrane/cristae
MITOCHONRION
• It is a smooth phospholipid bilayer enveloping the mitochondria.
• It had enzymes like monoamine
oxidase and NADH reductase (NADHNicotinamide adenine dinucleotide + Hydrogen)
Outer membrane
MITOCHONRION
• An intrinsic protein called _________ form
the channels that makes the membrane
permeable to solutes and metabolites
• It allows the free passage of substances with molecular weight of less than 10,000.
• The membranes create two
compartments.
Porin
The space between the outer and inner membrane is called the?
intermembrane space
The inner cavity of mitochondria is called the?
matrix
PART OF THE CELL:
It is here that oxidative phosphorylation occus.
(Releasing energy by oxidizing nutrients for ATP
synthesis)
Mitochodrion
PART OF MITOCHONDRIA:
• It is packed with many enzymes like
pyruvate dehydrogenease, pyruvate
carboxylase, enzymes for oxidation of
fatty acids, aminoacids and enzymes of
citric acid cycle.
• It also contains the mitochondrial
genome, mitochondrial ribosomes,
tRNAs, dissolved oxygen, carbon
dioxide and water.
Matrix
WHOSE FUNCTION IS THIS?
–It is the seat for the Kreb's cycle
(citric acid cycle)
–It contains enzymes for Oxidative
phosphorylation which helps in
producing energy rich ATP molecules
–It provides intermediates for
synthesis of cytochrome,
chlorophyll, hemoglobin and
steroids
–Amino acids like glutamate
are synthesized in it from alpha
ketoglutarate and oxaloacetate
–Many fatty acids are synthesized in
the matrix
MITOCHODRION
Can mitochondria store and release calcium? When is it released?
Yes, It is released when required
PART OF THE CELL
•It is a network of tubular and vascular
structures extending from outer
membranes of nucleus to the cell
membrane.
• It is seen to be spread throughout the
cytoplasm and it provides a large
surface area for various physiological
activities.
Endoplasmic reticulum
The inside of the vesicles and tubules
is filled with an _______________ ____________
Endoplasmic matrix
PART OF CELL SPECIFICALLY ER
•When the ribosomes are attached on
the outer surface of mebrane of the
endoplasmic reticulum, it is called as?
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
PART OF THE CELL SPECIFICALLY ER
•When there are no ribosomes attached to the endoplasmic reticulum, it is called as?
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum
FUNCTIONS OF WHAT? (PART OF ER)
–It helps in transporting proteins from
ribosomes to Golgi bodies.
–Proteins that enters in here undergoes
processing, folding and sorting
Rough Endoplasmic reticulum
WHOSE FUNCTION IS THIS? (PART OF ER)
–It is involved in the synthesis of lipids, including cholesterol and phospholipids
–In some cells, It helps in the synthesis of steroid hormones from cholesterol
–In the cells of liver, It helps in detoxifying drugs and harmful chemicals.
Smooth Endoplasmic reticulum
PART OF THE CELL
• It is a stack of membranous sac, like a pile of
discs.
• It is present between endoplasmic reticulum
and cell membrane.
• Like endoplasmic reticulum, it is a
single membrane bound structure.
• In animal cells, it is present around the nucleus while in plant cell it is scattered throughout the cell.
• These cell organelles pack and sort the proteins before they are sent to their destinations.
Golgi Apparatus
WHOSE FUNCTION IS THIS?
(PART OF THE CELL)
–The proteins that enter it from RER is modified, processed, sorted and transported in the form of vesicles to the cell membrane and other destinations.
–Glycolipids, sphingomyelin are synthesised within it.
–In plant cells, it help in the synthesis of polysaccharides needed by the cell wall.
–It has a role in the synthesis of carbohydrates like galactose.
–Primary lysosomes develop from mature Golgi bodies.
–It plays an important role in lipid trafficking.
Golgi apparatus
PART OF THE CELL
• They are spherical shaped organelles seen either free in the cytoplasm or attached to RER.
• They are found in eukaryotes and prokaryotes.
• They are synthesised by the nucleolus.
• They link the amino acids together in the order that is specified by
the messengers RNA.
• They are made up of two subunits - a small sub unit and a large sub unit.
(CLUE: RELEASED BY THE NUCLEUS)
Ribosomes
COMPLETE IT
(IT ABOUT RIBOSOMES)
- The small sub unit reads the ________
while the large subunit ____________ the
amino acids to form large ______________.
- The ribosomal sub units are made up
of one or more ________ and proteins.
• The small sub unit reads the mRNA
while the large subunit assembles the
amino acids to form large polypeptide.
• The ribosomal sub units are made up of one or more eRNA and proteins.
PART OF THE CELL
It is the site for protein synthesis.
Ribosomes
PART OF THE CELL
• They are tiny sac like organelles of size
0.5 to 1.5 µm, which are membrane bound and found in hundreds in a single cell.
• They are formed from the Golgi bodies as small vesicles which bud off from them.
• Within the sac there are several hydrolytic enzymes that breakdown macromolecules like nucleic acid, proteins and polysaccharides.
Lysosomes
PART OF THE CELL
• They are also called as “suicidal bags” as enzymes contained in them can digest the cell's own material when damaged or dead.
• The important enzymes in it are DNAase, RNA-ase, protease, lipase,
glycosidase, phosphatase, sulfatase
which are synthesized in the
endoplasmic reticulum and then transported to the Golgi bodies.
Lysosomes
WHOSE FUNCTION IS THIS? (PART OF THE CELL)
–It helps in the digestion of food releasing enzymes.
–They digest worn out organelles
–It helps in the defense, by digesting germs
–It helps sperm cells in entering the egg by
breaking through the egg membrane
–It provides energy during cell starvation by the digestion of its own cell parts.
Lysosomes
PART OF THE CELL
• It is a type of microbody which is small,
spherical shaped, with single membrane and of size 0.5-1.5 µm.
• They are found in both animal and plant cells.
• Just like lysosomes they contain many enzymes which help in biological reactions.
• They are formed from the endoplasmic reticulum unlike lysosomes which are formed from the Golgi bodies.
Peroxisome
WHOSE FUNCTION IS THIS?
(PART OF THE CELL)
–The enzymes found in ____________ are usually used for different metabolic reactions and for digesting different materials in the
cell.
–They help in the oxidation of many substances resulting in the formation of hydrogen peroxide as a by product.
–But, it contains enzyme peroxidase or catalase which decomposes this harmful hydrogen peroxide into water and oxygen or uses it to oxidize other organic compounds like phenol, alcohol, formaldehyde, etc.
Peroxisome
WHOSE FUNCTION IS THIS?
(PART OF THE CELL)
–They are also involved in the catabolism of
fatty acids (beta oxidation), D-aminoacids and polyamines.
–They are needed in the synthesis of plasmalogens (type of ether phospholipid
needed for functioning of brain and lungs.)
–They participate in the synthesis of cholesterol, bile acids and myelin.
–In plants, it helps in the photorespiration and symbiotic nitrogen fixation.
Peroxisome
PART OF THE CELL (CYTOSKELETON)
• They are long, hollow cylinders of size
24 nm in diameter and can grow up to a
length of 50 µm.
• They are found in eukaryotic cells.
Microtubules
PART OF THE CELL (CYTOSKELETON)
• They are made up of two globular proteins namely
α-tubulin and β-tubulin.
• Along the _________ axis
tubulins are joined end to end to form protofilaments.
Microfilaments
PART OF THE CELL?
•It is a structure that helps cells maintain their shape and internal organization, and it also provides mechanical support that enables cells to carry out essential functions like
division and movement.
• They are organized by
microtubule organizing
structures, primarily the
centrioles.
Cytoskeleton
WHOSE FUNCTIONS ARE THESE? (PART OF THE CELL?)
–It provides mechanical support to the cell
–It helps in the organization of cytoplasm
–They help in the segregation of chromosomes during mitosis
–They are used for locomotion (movement from one place to another) when present)
Cytoskeleton
PART OF CYTOSKELETON
•These are small rod like structures of size 4-7nm in diameter found in the cytoplasm of all eukaryotic cells, forming a part of the cytoskeleton.
• They are made up of protein, Actin (contractile protein)
Microfilaments
PART OF CYTOSKELETON
–It provides support and shape to cell
–Along with myosin, it helps in contraction
–It helps in cytokinesis (a physical process of cell division)
Microfilaments
PART OF CYTOSKELETON
•They are part of the cytoskeleton in the cytoplasm, also surrounding the nucleus and extending to the cell membrane.
• They are made up of different types of fibrous proteins unlike microtubules
which are made up of actin.
• They are of size 8-12 nm in diameter.
• They are found in hair, nails, scales and skin since they have high tensile
strength.
Microfilament
PART OF CYTOSKELETON
• Due to their rope like structure they provide mechanical strength to the cells and help cells to withstand stress like stretching and changing shape.
• e.g. Keratin filaments in skin and epithelial cells.
Microfilaments
PART OF THE CELL
• It is cylindrical in shape and of length
0.5 micrometer.
• it is present in all animal cells just outside the nucleus.
• It does not have a membrane.
• All centrioles are made up of protein strands called tubulin.
• Each of it has 9 sets of inter connected peripheral tubules and each set has 3 micro tubules arranged at
definite angles making the shape of a W2 cylinder.
Cetrioles
PART OF THE CELL
•It has its own DNA and RNA and therefore, self duplicating. ____________
• Two centrioles when oriented at a right angle, its is called ____________
centrioles, centrosome
WHOSE FUNCTION IS THIS? ( PART OF THE CELL)
▪It is involved in cell division.They are seen in the process of both meiosis and mitosis.
▪ It helps in the formation of cilia and flagella.
▪It helps in the organization and alignment of microtubules within the cell.
Centrioles
PART OF THE CELL
• It is a membrane enclosed fluid filled sac present in animal and plant cells including fungi.
• It contains organic and inorganic molecules within it.
• They do not have particular size or shape but adjust themselves according to the need of the cell.
Vacuole
WHOSE FUNCTION IS THIS? (PART OF THE CELL)
▪It helps in removing waste products from the cell
▪It isolates substances that are harmful to the cell
▪It holds water and waste products within it
▪It helps in maintaining the internal pH of cell
▪It helps to maintain hydrostatic pressure within the cell
▪It plays a major role in autophagy by maintaining a balance between biogenesis and degradation.
Vacuoles
PART OF THE CELL
- It is a specialized double membranebound protoplasmic body present at the center of the cell.
- It is known as the cell's information center as it houses the chromosomes.
nucleus
PART OF THE NUCLEUS
- The double membrane around it is called __________ ___________or __________ _____________.
- It is made of proteins and lipids,
- It enclose the nucleus to keep it separate from surrounding materials off the cell.
Nuclear membrane or Nuclear Envelop
PART OF THE NUCLEUS (NUCLEAR MEMBRANE)
- The ___________________ is continuous with endoplasmic reticulum and it has ribosomes attached on the outer surface.
- It has several large nuclear pores through which nuclear transport of large molecules, small molecules and ions occur.
Outer Membrane
The space between the nuclear membranes is called ____________ _________ and it is continuous with the lumen of rough endoplamic reticulum.
Perinuclear Space
Within the nuclear membrane is a jelly like substance called ________________ or nucleoplasm.
+ Within it, there is a network of chromatin fibrils which condense to form chromosomes during cell division
karyolymph
PART OF THE NUCLEUS/PART OF THE CELL
It is present within the nucleus.
• It does not have a membrane around it.
• It synthesizes rRNA and assembles it.
• It regulates the synthetic activity of nucleus.
Nucleolus
WHOSE FUNCTION IS THIS? (PART OF THE CELL)
- It controls the hereditary charateristics of an organism
-Protein synthesis, cell division, growth and differentiation occurs in it
- Stores heredity materials in the form of DNA
- t is the site for transcription in protein synthesis
- Nucleolus helps in the synthesis ofribosomes
- It regulates the integrity of genes and gene expression
Nucleus
It is a single-celled organism that does not have a 'true nucleus'.
e.g. Bacteria, Archaea.
- It does not contain any membrane bound organelles like mitochndria, nucleus, endoplasmic reticulum etc.
- They have many ribosomes scattered throughout their cytoplasm and nucleoid which contains the DNA.
Prokaryote
What are the 9 parts of prokaryotic cell?
Flagellum pili cell membrane capsule cellwall cytoplasm ribosme nucleoid plasmid
PART OF THE PROKARYOTIC CELL
It is long whip like structure that helps in locomotion
Flagellum
PART OF THE PROKARYOTIC CELL
Small hair like structure present on the surface which helps in attaching to the surface of other bacteria.
pili
PART OF PROKARYOTIC CELL
It surrounds the cytoplasm and regulates the flow of substance in andout of the cell.
Cell membrane
PART OF THE PROKARYOTIC CELL
- It is a polysaccharide layer that is outside the cell envelope.
- It enhances the ability of bacteria to cause disease
Capsule
PART OF PROKARYOTIC CELL
– It is the outer most covering of the cell and it gives shape to the cell
Cell wall
PART OF THE PROKARYOTIC CELL
–It is gel like substance present within the cell.
–It contains enzymes, ions, organic molecules, ribosomes, nucleoid
Cytoplasm
PART OF THE PROKARYOTIC CELL
–It is the organelle which helps in protein synthesis.
Ribosome
PART OF THE PROKARYOTIC CELL
–It contains the genetic material
Nucleoid
PART OF THE PROKARYOTIC CELL
- A small DNA molecule within the cell that can replicate itself.
- It is a small, double stranded and circular in shape organelle.
- These are usually found in bacteria.
Plasmid
DEFINITION OF _______________
- It is the technical field of using microscopes to view samples and objects that cannot be seen with the unaided eye.
- It is the science of investing small objects using microscopes.
Microscope
It is an instrument used to see objects that are too small for the naked eye.
Microscope
Why does identification of minute organisms necessary?
For diagnosis and treatment.
What are the 6 types of Microscope
- Optical / Light microscope
- Electron microscope
- Darkfield or Ultra microscope
- Phase Contrast and Differential
Interference Contrast microscope
- Fluorescent microscope
- Ultraviolet microscope
It is a type of microscope which uses visible light and a system of lenses to magnify images of small samples. It was invented by Hans and Zacharias Janssen in 1590.
Optical/light microscope
STEP BY STEP PROCESS IN OBSERVING USING OPTICAL/LIGHT MICROSCOPE
1) The eyepiece, objective lenses, reflector, condenser and stage is first cleaned by a lens paper.
2) The specimen slide is then placed on the stage with help of clips at the center.
3) Observe through the eyepiece and focus the object with the help of coarse or fine adjustment.
4) The reflector can be adjusted to get proper light.
5) The light shining through the specimen is focused by the lens so that a magnified image can be seen through the eyepiece.
TYPE OF MICROSCPE
It was designed by Ernst Ruska and Max Knoll in 1931 in Germany. It is a type of microscope that uses a beam of electrons to illuminate a specimen and produces a magnified image.
Electron Microscope
TYPE OF MICROSCOPE
- The wavelength of lens as when compared to light is smaller and so they help magnify even very small objects.
- It has high magnifying power when compared to light microscope as electrons have shorter wavelength than visible light.
Electron microscope
TYPE OF MICROSCOPE
- It uses electrostatic and electro magnetic lenses to control electron beam and focuses in to form an image.
- It is used to see microorganisms, cell organelles, large molecules, biopsy samples, etc
Electron microscope
What are the 5 types of electron microscope?
-Transmission Electron microscope
-Scanning Electron microscope
-Reflection Electron microscope
-Scanning Transmission Electron microsope
-Low Voltage Electron microscope
WHAT TYPE OF ELEECTRON MICROSCOPE IS THIS?
- It uses high voltage electron beam to create an image.
- The beam of electron is sent through the specimen.
- Some electrons are reflected while others pass through it creating an image of the specimen
Transmission Electron Microscope
TYPE OF ELECTRON MICROSCOPE
- It does not produce a complete image of the specimen.
- It scans the surface of the specimen and forms an image by detecting electron that are reflected or absorbed.
Scanning electron miscroscope
TYPE OF ELECTRON MICROSCOPE
- Similar to the TEM, the reflected electrons are detected to get theinformation about the surface of the specimen
Reflection Electron Microscope
TYPE OF ELECTRON MICROSCOPE
- It combines high magnification of TEM with surface details of SEM. It helps to perform a complex analysis of the specimen
Scanning Transmission Electron Microscope
TYPE OF ELECTRON MICROSCOPE
It operates at accelerating voltage of a few kilo electrovolts or less
Low Voltage Electron Microscope
TYPE OF MICROSCOPE
- It is a microscope that is arranged so that the light source is blocked off, causing light to scatter as it hits the specimen.
- Here reflected light is used in place of transmitted light.
- The oblique beams of refracted and diffracted light are coming from the sidesand passes into and over the specimen to illuminate it
Darkfield microscope
TYPE OF MICROSCOPE
- The object looks bright on a dark background.
- It is useful in observing small living objects and small organelles like nucleus, mitochodria, vacuole, etc.
- It is usually used to see unstained objects
Darkfield Microscope
TYPE OF MICROSCOPE
- It is a microscope which helps to see unstained micro organisms.
- It is the technique that converts phase shifts in light passing through a transparent specimen to brighness changes in the image.
- The light passing through two different materials with different refractive index will undergo a change in the phase of light
Phase Cintrast Microscope
TYPE OF MICROSCOPE
- These phase differences are converted to difference in intensity of light, making image appear dark against a light
background.
- This Microscope improves the contrast and make the structures visible.
Phase Contrast Microscope
TYPE OF MOCROSCOPE
It is an optical microscope that uses fluorescence and phosphorescence to study the properties of organic and inorganic substances. Special dyes like fluorescein, rhodamine and auramine are used
Flourescent Microscope
TYPE OF MICROSCOPE
- It is a microscope that has quartz lens and slides that uses ultra violet light as illumination instead of the common light.
- Uses the shorter wavelength (180-400 nm) of ultraviolet rays compared to common light, which brings about higher resolution of object.
Ultraviolet Microscope
STARTS WITH LETTER C
- It is the technique of rupturing the cell to separate various cell components while preserving their individual functions in order to study their structure and chemistry.
- Cells can be broken down by many ways like subjecting it to osmotic shock or ultrasonic vibration or ground in a small blender
Cell Fractionation
- He pioneered techniques of cell fractionation by differential centrifugation
- These procedures break up the cell in to fragments and its nuclei, mitochondria, Golgi body, lysosomes, peroxysomes, etc. can be separated.
• The cells are first suspended in 0.25 molar sucrose solution at 0-4℃.
• Cells are then grounded well to form an isotonic slurry called homogenate.
• The homogenate is then subjected to different values of centrifugal force. This helps in seperating the cell
components by size and density.
• At a relatively low speed, the large components like nuclei sedimentsform a pellet at the bottom of the centrifuge tube, at slightly higher speed, a pellet of mitochondria is formed, and at even higher speeds and with longer period of centrifugation, first the small closed vesicles and then the ribosomes can be collected
Albert Claude (1899-1983)
STARTS WITH LETTER G
- It is a method of separating macromolecules like DNA,RNA and proteins based on their size and charge, by passing it through a gel medium namely agarose and by applying an electric field.
- The smaller molecules move faster than the larger ones through the pores of the gel and the molecules in the gel can be stained to make them visible.
GEL ELECTROPHORESIS
It is the most commonlyused stain to make DNA or RNA strands
visible.
Ethidium bromide
WHAT TECHNIQUE IS THIS? STARTS WOTH LETTER C
- It is the technique used for separation of a mixture by dissolving it in a solution or suspension and allowing it to pass through a medium in which the components move at different
rates. In this technique there is a stationary phase and mobile phase.
- The various constituents of the
mixture travel at different speeds,
causing them to separate
Chromatography
6 TYPES OF CHROMATOGRAPHY
-Column chromatography
-Paper chromatography
-Thin layer chromatography
-Gel filtration chromatography
-Ion exchange chromatography
-Affinity chromatograph
Peroxisome arises from?
Lysosome arises from?
Peroxisome arises from ER
Lysosome arises from Golgi
Lysosome eats its cell which also means that lysosomes are?
Autophagy
It is the collective term for organelles microtubule and microfilaments
Cytoskeleton
What does look like nucleus in a prokaryotic cell?
Nuclearic region
we have natural steroids, where does it come from?
Our cholesterol
What is the total atp in cellular respiration? ( in mitochodrion and cytoplasm)
38 in mitochodrion
2 in cytoplasm
What are the processes or the biochemical processes that are happening inside the body?
Kreb Cycle, Electron Transport Chain, Oxidative phosporelation or cellular respiration