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2400 chp 9

Leadership and types of leadership

Leadership: motivating people and gaining their commitment about what needs to be done

- strategic leadership: ability to anticipate and think strategically, and work with others to initiate change for the better


- emergent leadership: degree to which someone with no formal status is perceived to have leaderlike influence


- shared leadership: dynamic team where leadership roles and influences are distributed among members

trait theory of leadership

leadership depends on personal traits of leader

narcissicm

attention seeking, inflated self-view, and general lack of regard for others

leadership categorization theory

people are likely to view someone as a leader when they have prototypical characteristics of leadership

Leader consideration

extent to which a leader is approachable and shows concern and respect for employees

Leader initiating structure

degree to which leader concentrates on group goal attainment

leader reward, punishment and contingent behaviour

reward behaviour: compliments, tangible resources and special treatment

contingent reward behaviour: reward for meeting performance goals


punishment behaviour: use of unfavourable task assignments and withholding rewards

situational theories

Contingency theory: The association between leadership orientation and the effectiveness of the group depends on how favourable the situation is for influencing

- leader-member relations (high or low)

- task structure (high or low)

- position power (high or low)

Participative leadership, adv. and disadv.

when employees are involved in making work-related decisions

advantages:

- motivation and performance - employees contribute to work goals and how to accomplish them

- higher quality decisions - employees taking action

- acceptance of decisions


disadvantages:

- time and energy - calling meetings and coming up with ideas

- loss of power - reduce influence

- lack of knowledge and receptivity

Leader-member exchange theory

focuses on the relationships that develop between the employees and leaders

social exchange theory

people who are treated well by others feel obligated to return same positivity

transactional leadership

straightforward exchange between leader and follower
- set goals and reward performance

management by exception

Leaders taking corrective action based on leader-follower transactions
- MBE active: routinely monitor and correct deviations

- MBS passive: correct after they occur

transformational leadership

provides followers with a new vision that establishes commitment

- intellectual stimulation - think about problems in new ways

- individualized consideration - treat employees as distinct people

- inspirational motivation - communicate visions that are appealing

- charisma - command loyalty

positive leadership

focus on behaviours and interpersonal dynamics that result in positive outcomes

empowering leadership theory

implement conditions where power is shared with employeees

ethical leadership theory

demonstration of appropriate behaviour through personal actions and promote such conduct

- promotion-focused ethical leadership: encourage appropriate behaviour

- prevention-focused ethical leadership: discourage inappropriate behaviour

authentic leadership theory

being true to oneself

- self-awareness: understanding ones strengths and weaknesses

- relation transparency: present authentic self to others

- balanced processing: unbiased analysis of relevant information before making a decision and consider challenging views

- internalized moral perspective: express behaviour that is cnosistent with moral values and standards

servant leadership theory

having genuine concern to serve others

- empowering and developing people - provide others with a sense of personal power and encourage development

- humility - seek contribution of others

- authenticity - express true self

- interpersonal acceptance - understand others to create trust

- providing direction - make sure people know what is expeceted

- stewardship - focusing on service and encourage others to act in common interest

laissez-faire leadership

leadership without leadership

grass ceiling

invisible barrier that prevents women from advancing to senior leadership

role congruity theory

prejudice against female leaders is the result of incongruity of percieved characteristics of women and requirements of a leader

global leadership

leadership capabilities required to function effectively in different cultures

- unbridled inquisitiveness - function well in different cultures

- personal character - emotional connection to people form culture

- duality - manage uncertainty and balance tensions

- savvy - understand country conditions and recognize market opportunities

implicit leadership theory

belief that certain attributes, characteristics and behaviours contribute to outstanding leadership

six global leadership dimensions

value based: ability to inspire, motivate and expect outcomes
team-oriented: effective team building and common purpose

participate: degree to which managers involve others in decisions

human-oriented: considerate leadership

autonomous: independant leadership

self-protective: ensure safety and security

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