READINGS IN PHH
Whats history?
study of the past
It is the chronological record significant events oflen including an explanation. It is the vital and important events that shape the country.
History
What greek word did history came from?
Historia
what does historia mean?
knowledge acquired through inquiry and investigation
It is the account of the past of a person through written documents and historical evidences.
Historia
No document, no history?
yes
What counts as history?
Traditional historians and oral traditions
The object of study is the past.
History
The object of study is history itself. ( who wrote it? what particular historical method was used? what were the sources needed?)
Historiography
Mostly written documents ang pinagaaralan dito
Historiography
It is the witing of history, and its based on critical examination of sources, selection of particular details from authentic materials in those sources and the synthesis of those details. It is done thrpugh historical research and historical methodology.
Historiography
Comprises certain techniques and rules that historians follow in order to properly utilize sources and historical evidences in writing history.
Historical Methodology
Historical claims that can still be validated by using reliable evidences and meticulous _________________.
Historical Methodology
What are the roles of historians?
to look at available sources and select the most relevant for history and subject of study
TRUE OR FALSE
Historians should organize the past that is being created
true
TRUE OR FALSE
Historians should not seek for the meaning of recovering the past to let the people see the continuing relevance of memories (Historical Understanding)
False
Why does history matters? (enumerate 5)
- to unite a nation
- to legitimize regime and forge sense of collective identify through collective memory
- to make sense of the present
- to not repeat the mistakes of the past
- to inspire people to keep their good practices to move forward
It is produced at the same time as the event, period, or subject being studied.
Primary Sources
Includes documents or artifacts created by the witness of the event.
Primary sources
What's a primary sources? (clue: "first" what?)
First hand testimony; eye witness accounts
Enumerate the six things in evaluating promary sources according to garraghan, 1950.
Date
localization
authorship
analysis
integrity
credibility
Evaluating primary sources:
Where did it originate?
Localization
Evaluating primary sources:
When was it produced?
Date
Evaluating primary sources:
Who wrote it?
Author
Evaluating primary sources:
What pre-existing material served as the basis for its production?
Analysis
Evaluating primary sources:
What was its original form?
Integrity
Evaluating primary sources:
What is the evidential value of its content?
Credibility
Produced by an author who used primary sources to produce the material.
Secondary sources
Analyzed a scholarly question and often use primary source as evidence. It includes books, theses, dessertations, journals, and magazines.
Secondary sources
Primary and secondary sources should be evaluated its validity and credibility by asking these questions:
- how did the author know the given details? was the author present at the event?
- where did the information come from? is it a personal experience or an eye witness account?
- Did the author conclude based on a single or multiple source?
In terms of historical reliability, primary sources are more reliable when?
the closer the date of creation and the older the date
In terms of historical reliability, secondary sources are more reliable when?
The more recent
The two types of criticisms are :
External and internal criticism
It is the verification or authenticity by wcamining physical characteristics; consistency with the historical characteristic of the time when it was produced; and the materials usedbfor evidence.
External Criticism
Looks for truthfulness and factuality of the evidence by looking at the author of source, its context, the agenda, the knowledge which informed it, and its intended people.
Internal Criticism
What questions can we ask for external criticism?
When/where it was written?
who was the author?
Why did it survive?
What were the materials used?
Where the words used being used those times?
What questions can be asked in internal criticism?
Was it written by eyewitness or not?
Why was it written?
What are the connotations?
What is the literal meaning?
What is the meaning of the context?
WHAT ARE THESE?
- to unite a nation
- to legitimize regime and forge sense of collective identify through collective memory
- to make sense of the present
- to not repeat the mistakes of the past
- to inspire people to keep their good practices to move forward
Why history matters
When/where will these questions be asked?
- how did the author know the given details? was the author present at the event?
- where did the information come from? is it a personal experience or an eye witness account?
- Did the author conclude based on a single or multiple source?
In evaluating Primary and Secondary sources
WHERE/WHEN WILL THESE QUESTIONS BE ASKED?
When/where it was written?
who was the author?
Why did it survive?
What were the materials used?
Where the words used being used those times?
In external criticism
WHEN/WHERE WILL THESE QUESTIONS BE ASKED?
Was it written by eyewitness or not?
Why was it written?
What are the connotations?
What is the literal meaning?
What is the meaning of the context?
Internal criticism
Who stated "Mga pangyayari na may saysay para sa grupo ng taong sinasaysayan nito"?
Dr Zeus Salazar
Who stated "Mga pangyayari na may saysay para sa grupo ng taong sinasaysayan nito"?
Dr. Zeus Salazar
The history of history
Historiography
ROLE OF HISTORIANS:
To ______ at the ________________ and select ______________ for history and ______________.
To look at the available sources and select the most relevant for history and subject of the study.
ROLE OF HISTORIAN:
To __________________________ that is being created.
organize the past
ROLE OF HISTORIANS:
To ________ for the _____________ of ______________________ to let the people see the _______________ of memories.
to seek for the meaning of recovering the past to let the people see the continuing relevance of memories.
What sources are these?
diaries, letters, interviews, photographs, and news papers
Primary sources
What sources are these from?
Books, thesis, dissertations, journals, and magazines
Secondary sources
What are the 2 real names of Antonio Pigafetta
Antonio Lombardo or Francisco Antonio Pigafetta
He is a Venetian scholar born around 1491 in Vicenza, Republic of Venice and died in 1531
Antonio Pigafetta
What did antonio pigafetta studied?
Studied astronomy, geography, and cartography
He is an Italian explorer and scholar that became part of the expedition under the order of the prince of Spain, King Charles I. Served as Magellan’s assistant. Kept a journal accounting everything that seemed fascinating and foreign to him
Antonio Pigafetta
He was the ________ of the expedition of Magellan.
He was known to be a _________________ ____________.
His work is important not only as a source of information about the voyage itself, but also includes an early Western description of the people and languages in the Philippines.
His account was also a major referent to the events leading to Magellan’s arrival in the Philippines.
He was the DIARIST of the expedition of Magellan.
He was known to be a CONSCIENTIOUS CHRONICLER.
His work is important not only as a source of information about the voyage itself, but also includes an early Western description of the people and languages in the Philippines.
His account was also a major referent to the events leading to Magellan’s arrival in the Philippines.
WHAT IS THIS DOCUMENT?
- Written ___ _______ on one of the ______ ships that was first to circumnavigate the world during an expedition led by Magellan and after his death.
- Officially published after Pigafetta’s _______ ___ _________.
- The document is about Magellan’s travels. It is the ______ of the so-called Magellan route heading to the _______ ___________.
THE FIRST VOYAGE AROUND THE WORLD
- Written on board on one of the five ships that was first to circumnavigate the world during an expedition led by Magellan and after his death.
- Officially published after Pigafetta’s return to Italy
- The document is about Magellan’s travels. It is the trail of the so-called Magellan route heading to the Spice Islands.
WHATS THIS DOCUMENT?
- It is an accurate ______________ and _______________ account of the first circumnavigation of the world.
- Pigafetta described the people, countries, goods, and even the ____________ that were spoken in the journey in the pre-colonial Philippines.
- Pigafetta presented copies of his account to several personages, including ____________________ and mother of _________ ___ ___________.
THE FIRST VOYAGE AROUND THE WORLD
- It is an accurate ethnographic and geographical account of the first circumnavigation of the world.
- Pigafetta described the people, countries, goods, and even the languages that were spoken in the journey in the pre-colonial Philippines.
- Pigafetta presented copies of his account to several personages, including Pope Clement VII and mother of King I of France.
CUSTOMS AND TRADITIONS MENTIONED
The man and woman are both responsible for work either outside or inside. Abundance of resources and trading were also emphasized.
Economic significance
CUSTOMS AND TRADITIONS MENTIONED
A lot of the political customs was about the kings of the islands. The kings were treated with loyalty and superiority by its people.
Political significance
CUSTOMS AND TRADITIONS MENTIONED
The culture of the Filipinos is heavily mentioned. The locals treated Magellan and his men with food and shelter as an act of friendship.
Sociocultural significance
CONTRIBUTION IN UNDERSTANDING HISTORY
- We came to know who rediscovered the existence of the Philippines.
- We discovered what religion Filipinos used to have, until they became Christians.
- It showed how Filipinos coped when Magellan and his men came to the country and how they delayed Spanish occupation for years.
- It paints a somewhat accurate picture of the native way of life prior to Spanish colonization.
- It helps us to understand how the Filipinos of the past lived.
- It was a proof of the rich governance and independence in our country in the precolonial era.
YES
RELEVANCE OF THE DOCUMENT
- The journal is used as a ___________ for many history related works.
- The book served as an ____________ that the world is _______ and ______ _______.
- Magellan discovered the Mar Pacifico (_________ ________) a “_________ _____”.
- Magellan proved that there was ________________________ by sailing west.
RELEVANCE OF THE DOCUMENT
- The journal is used as a reference for many history related works.
- The book served as an evidence that the world is round and not flat.
- Magellan discovered the Mar Pacifico (Pacific Ocean) a “peaceful sea”.
- Magellan proved that there was a way to the east by sailing west.
CREDIBILITY OF THE DOCUMENT
- The travelogue represented “_____ __________________ ____________ _______” and achieved and international reputation (Theodore Cache Jr.)
- The journal is a “_________ _______”, and Shakespeare himself seems to have been inspired by his work (Francesco Chiericati)
- For student historians, the document is credible since this is what remains as ______ _______ ___________ __________ of the pre-colonial Philippines.
- But, there’s a need to recognize certain biases accompanying the author and his identity, loyalties, and circumstance he was in, and how it affected the text he produced.
CREDIBILITY OF THE DOCUMENT
- The travelogue represented “the literary epitome of its genre” and achieved and international reputation (Theodore Cache Jr.)
- The journal is a “divine thing”, and Shakespeare himself seems to have been inspired by his work (Francesco Chiericati)
- For student historians, the document is credible since this is what remains as the sole reliable source of the pre-colonial Philippines.
- But, there’s a need to recognize certain biases accompanying the author and his identity, loyalties, and circumstance he was in, and how it affected the text he produced.
WHY WAS IT WRITTEN?
- To __________, __________, and __________ _____________ about nautical technology, cartography, and astronomy.
- To _________ ___________ _____ ______________ during the expedition which caused him to join the voyage
- The desire of Magellan ____________________________________ and to find ______________________ to the _____________
WHY WAS IT WRITTEN?
- To discover, research, and achieve knowledge about nautical technology, cartography, and astronomy.
- To record details and information during the expedition which caused him to join the voyage
- The desire of Magellan to prove that the world was round and to find a western trade route to the Moluccas
WHAT IS THIS?
(“Islands of the Thieves”)/Marianas Islands Located southsoutheast of Japan, west-southwest of Hawaii, north of New Guinea, and east of Philippines.
Ladrones Islands
ANOTHER NAME FOR LANDRONES ISLAND
(“Islands of the Thieves”)/Marianas Islands
Pigafetta recounted:
“These people have no arms, but use sticks, which have a fish bone at the end. They are poor, but ingenious, and great thieves, and for the sake of that we called these ________ islands the _____________ ___________”.
Pigafetta recounted:
“These people have no arms, but use sticks, which have a fish bone at the end. They are poor, but ingenious, and great thieves, and for the sake of that we called these three islands the Ladrones Islands”.
- On ________________, they reached the isle of ________ (Samar) but Magellan decided to land in another _______________ island.
- On ___________, ______ men came to them and showed joy and eagerness in seeing them.
- The natives gave them fish, _______ ________ (uraca), figs, two cochos, rice (______), cocos, and other food food supplies.
- On March 16, 1521, they reached the isle of Zamal (Samar) but Magellan decided to land in another uninhabited island.
- On March 18, nine men came to them and showed joy and eagerness in seeing them.
- The natives gave them fish, palm wine (uraca), figs, two cochos, rice (umai), cocos, and other food food supplies.
(Homonhon) “Watering Place of Good Signs”
They named the island with the nearby islands as the archipelago of St. Lazarus.
Humunu Island
WHAT IS ANOTHER NAME FOR HUMUNU ISLAND
(Homonhon) “Watering Place of Good Signs”
- After few days, Magellan met two kings - _________________ and ________________.
- _______________ : Magellan ordered the ________ to preside a mass by the shore of ________ (Limasawa).
- After the Mass, Magellan ordered that the ________ be __________ with _______ and crown in place.
-_______________: Magellan and his men reached the port of Cebu.
-________________: A mass was held with ________________ and his people attending the ceremony.
- Pigafetta showed the wife of Humabon a very beautiful wooden _____________ and a cross.
- _________________: The chief of Mactan, Silapulapu (Lapulapu) refused to obey the King of Spain.
- When Magellan’s body was recovered by the warriors, Humabon ordered to return the bodies of Magellan and some of his crew who were killed, and they would be given as much merchandise as they wished, but Lapulapu refused.
- Magellan was succeeded by ______________________________ as commander of the expedition.
- After few days, Magellan met two kings - Raja Siagu and Raja Calambu.
- March 31, 1521: Magellan ordered the chaplain to preside a mass by the shore of Mazaua (Limasawa).
- After the Mass, Magellan ordered that the cross be brought with nails and crown in place.
- April 7, 1521: Magellan and his men reached the port of Cebu.
-April 14, 1521: A mass was held with Rajah Humabon and his people attending the ceremony.
- Pigafetta showed the wife of Humabon a very beautiful wooden Sto. Niño and a cross.
- April 26, 1521: The chief of Mactan, Silapulapu (Lapulapu) refused to obey the King of Spain.
- When Magellan’s body was recovered by the warriors, Humabon ordered to return the bodies of Magellan and some of his crew who were killed, and they would be given as much merchandise as they wished, but Lapulapu refused.
- Magellan was succeeded by Juan Sebastian Elcano as commander of the expedition.