Chapter 11 - Organic Chemistry
Saturated Compound
Molecules in which all carbon-carbon bonds are single.
Unsaturated compound
Molecules in which one or more carbon-carbon bonds are not single bonds.
3 fossil fuels
1) Coal
2) Natural gas
3) Petroleum (crude oil)
8 fractions of petroleum
1) Refinery gas for heating and cooking
2) Gasoline/petrol for fuel in cars
3) Naphtha for chemical feedstock
4) Kerosene for jet fuel
5) Diesel oil for fuel in diesel engines
6) Fuel oil for fuel in ships or home heating systems
7) Lubricating oil for lubricants/waxes/polishes
8) Bitumen for making roads
What is a substitution reaction
A reaction where one atom or group of atoms is replaced by another atom or group of atoms.
Substitution reaction of alkanes with chlorine
1) Photochemical reaction - means that it requires light
2) Ultraviolet light provides activation energy
Alkane reaction with hydrogen - hydrogenation reagent and conditions
Addition reaction, 200 degrees, nickel catalyst
2 ways of manufacture ethanol - reagents and conditions
1) Fermentation of glucose - 25-35 degrees, presence of yeast, absence of oxygen
2) Addition of steam to ethene - 300 degrees, 6000kPa/60 atm, presence of phosphoric(V) acid catalyst
Uses of ethanol
- Solvent
- Fuel
Advantages and disadvantages of manufacture of ethanol
Fermentation - Low energy, Readily available
Hydration of ethene: Faster, continuous
Fermentation: Slow, batch process (not continuous)
Hydration of ethene: High energy, hard to obtain ethene
Ethanoic acid formation 2 ways
1) Ethanol is oxidised to ethanoic acid by oxygen from potasssium manganate (VII), the purple colour is removed.
2) Bacterial oxidation during vinegar production
Ester formation reagent and conditons
Carboxylic acid + alcohol = Ester, concentrated sulphuric acid catalyst
Polymer definiton
Large molecules built from smaller molecules called monomers
Polyamide
Made from diamine and dicarboxylic acid: NH2 and COOH
Polyester
Made from diol and dicarboxylic acid - OH and COOH
Nylon and PET
Nylon is a polyamide
PET is a polyester which can be converted back to monomers
Proteins
1) Natural polyamides - 1 NH group and 1 CO group
2) made from amino acid monomers