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atomic structure physics

activity

the rate in which an unstable nucleus decays

alpha particle

particle with a positive charge consistsing of 2 protons and two neutrons

atomic number

number of protons found in an atom or specific element.

backround radiation

radiation found in small quantities all around us. Originates from natural sources such as rocks etc and from man made sources such as nuclear weapons testing

bequerel

unit of radioactive activity

beta particle

hight speed electron that a nucleus emits when a neutron converts into a proton

bohr model

model of the atom that suggested electrons orbit the nucleus at set distances

chain reaction

process of neutrons released by a fission reaction being absorbed by another unstable, large nuclei and inducing further fission

count rate

number of decays a detector measures per second

electrons

negatively charged subatomic particle that are found in shells in orbit of the nucleus

energy levels

stable states where electrons are found around a nucleus. Absorbtion of electromagnetic raditation causes a transition to a higher energy level and emission causes a transition to a lower energy level.

fission products

fission produces teo smaller nuclei, teo or three neutrons and gamma rays. All these products are released with kinetic energy.

gamma ray

electromagnetic radiation emitted from a nucleus

geiger-muller tube

detector that measuress the count rate of a radioactive sample

half life

time it takes for the number of unstabke nuclei of an isotope in a sample to halve. Or the time that it takes the initial count rate of the sample of the isotope to halve.

ions

atoms with a resultant charge due to the loss or gain of electrons

irradiation

process if an object being exposed to nuclear radiation. The object doesnt become radioactive

isotopes

atoms with the same number of protons and a different number of neurtrons. Atomic number stays the same, the mass number changes.

mass number

number of protons and neutrons in an atom

negative ions

atoms that gained electrons so have a resultant negative charge

neutrons

neutrally charged subatomic particle

nuclear explosions

caused by an uncontrolled chain reaction which results in vast amounts of energy being released in a short space of time

nuclear fusion

joining of two small light nuclei to form a larger, heavier one and release energy

nuclear fission

splitting of a large unstabke nucleus into teo smaller and more stable nuclei to produce energy

nucleus

postitvely charged centre of an atom

plum pudding model

old model of the atom that showed it as a ball of positive charge with negative electrons embedded in it

positive ions

atoms that have lost electrons there fore have a resultant positive charge

protons

positively charged subatomic particle

radioactive contamination

unwanted prescence of radioactive atoms on other materials. It is hazardous due to the decay of the contaminating atoms.

radioactive decay

random process involving unstable nuclei emitting radiation to become more stable

sieverts

unit used for radiation dosage

spontaneous fission

fission that occurs without the absorbtion of a neutron. This is rare.

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