LESSON 2: CARBOHYDRATES (BIOLOGICAL SCIENCE)
It was ASSOCIATED with SUGAR. it gives us ENERGY.
CARBOHYDRATES
Carbohydrates has GENERAL CHEMICAL FORMULA formula __________ MADE up of MOLECULES of carbon (C), hydrogen (H), and oxygen (O)
Cx(H2O)y,
What CHEMICALS are CARBOHYDRATES MADE of?
carbon (C), hydrogen (H), and oxygen (O)
What are the FOUR QUALIFICATIONS of CARBOHYDRATES?
Monosaccharides, Disaccharides, Oligosaccharides, and Polysaccharides
It has 1 sugar molecule or SINGLE SUGAR units, like GLUCOSE, are the SIMPLEST form of carbohydrates and SERVE as the basic BUILDING BLOCKS for LARGER carbohydrate molecules.
Monosaccharides
It has a 2 or TWO SUGAR units LINKED TOGETHER, such as SUCROSE, provide quick ENERGY and SWEETNESS in foods.
Disaccharides
It has 3 - 9 or SHORT chains of sugar units, found in foods like BEANS and LEGUMES, contribute to gut health and may have prebiotic effects.
Oligosaccharides
It has 10 or MORE or LONG chains of sugar units, like STARCH and CELLULOSE, are complex carbohydrates that provide sustained energy and structural support in plants.
Polysaccharides
It was DIGESTED QUICKLY and provide RAPID energy. These are sugars composed of ONE or TWO sugar molecules, such as MONOSACCHARIDES (e.g., glucose) and DISACCHARIDES (e.g., sucrose)
example: white rice, sugar (HYDROPHILIC SOLUBLE IN WATER)
Simple
These are POLYSACCHARIDES composed of LONG CHAINS of sugar molecules, such as STARCH and FIBER. They take LONGER to DIGEST and provide SUSTAINED energy,
Compound
What are MAIN SOURCE of CARBOHYDRATES
bread
potato
corn
milk
is a TYPE of MONOSACCHARIDE, meaning it CONSISTS of a SINGLE sugar molecule. specifically containing FIVE CARBON ATOMS.
example: sugars include RIBOSE and DEOXYRIBOSE, which are important components of nucleic acids like RNA and DNA, respectively.
PENTOSE
Give a example of MONOSACCHARIDES
fructose, glucose, galactose
fructose
glucose
galactose
Trioses may CONTAIN an ALDEHYDE GROUP, which is a functional group consisting of a carbon atom double-bonded to an oxygen atom and single-bonded to a hydrogen atom. This aldehyde group is typically found at one end of the triose molecule and is important in various biochemical reactions, including glycolysis.
Triose
It is USED in CELLULAR FUEL. ________are SIMPLE sugars composed of FOUR CARBON ATOMS.
Tetroses
Di means TWO or are carbohydrates composed of TWO MONOSACCHARIDE units joined TOGETHER by a GLYCOSIDIC BOND. They are FORMED through a CONDENSATION reaction where water is eliminated.
Disaccharides
This is the BOND in DISACCHARIDE. or is the TYPE of COVALENT BOND that JOIN TWO MONOSACCHARIDE molecules together.
Glycosidic linkage
It PRODUCED when STARCH BREAKDOWN. it is LESS SWEET than sucrose
MALT SUGAR
GLUCOSE + GLUCOSE
MALTOSE
is a DISACCHARIDE COMPOSED of TWO GLUCOSE units joined together by a glycosidic linkage.
MALTOSE
is used in BREWING and FOOD production. When consumed, _______ is BROKEN down into GLUCOSE by ENZYMES in the DIGESTIVE SYSTEM for ENERGY.
MALTOSE
also KNOWN as LACTOSE, is a DISACCHARIDE COMPOSED of GLUCOSE and GALACTOSE units joined together by a glycosidic linkage
MILK SUGAR
GALACTOSE + GLUCOSE
It is the PRINCIPAL CARBOHYDRATE in MILK
LACTOSE
It is the PRIMARY CARBOHYDRATE FOUND in MAMMALIAN MILK, including human BREAST MILKS and COW'S milk. ________ is BROKEN down into GLUCOSE and GALACTOSE by the enzyme lactase during digestion for ABSORPTION into the BLOODSTREAM
LACTOSE
GLUCOSE + FRUCTOSE
SUCROSE
means “GALACTOSE IN THE BLOOD”. This INHERITED disorder PREVENTS your BODY FROM BREAKING down the SUGAR GALACTOSE, causing it to BUILD up to TOXIC levels in your BLOOD. PEOPLE with galactosemia have to AVOID DAIRY products, BREAST milk and most baby formulas.
GALACTOSEMIA
is a common disaccharide COMPOSED of GLUCOSE and FRUCTOSE units joined together by a glycosidic linkage. It is a TYPE of SUGAR FOUND naturally in many PLANTS and VEGETABLES, including SUGAR CANE and sugar BEETS.
SUCROSE
also KNOWN as TABLE SUGAR.
SUCROSE
What is the PRIMARY STORAGE FORM of ENERGY MATERIALS in PLANTS?
STARCH
What is the STORAGE of POLYSACCHARIDE of ANIMALS?
GLYCOGEN
Refers to TOO MUCH INTAKE of CARBOHYDRATES. the INABILITY to properly regulate blood sugar can lead to various health complications if not managed effectively, including damage to blood vessels, nerves, and organs.
DIABETES
Diabetes
INSULIN DEPENDENT, it has MANY GLUCOSE LESS INSULIN
Type 1 Diabetes
INSULIN INDEPENDENT, it has INSULIN but do NOT FUNCTION PROPERLY
Type 2 diabetes
is a HORMONE that HELPS REGULATE BLOOD SUGAR LEVELS by facilitating the UPTAKE of GLUCOSE into cells for energy
INSULIN
insulin
is a TYPE of PROTEIN commonly FOUND in the BLOOD PLASMA of ANIMALS, including HUMANS. it is a MAJOR COMPONENT of the BLOOD'S SERUM PROTEIN. It can be seen in white egg
ALBUMIN
is a TYPE of PROTEIN FOUND in MILK, specifically in the curds that form when milk coagulates. it CONTAINS all ESSENTIAL AMINO ACIDS necessary for human health. It is commonly USED in the PRODUCTION of CHEESE and other dairy products.
CASEIN
Which of the following is NOT FORMED by DEHYDRATION SYNTHESIS
Galactose
What ELEMENTS make up CARBOHYDRATES?
C,H,O (carbon,hydrogen, oxygen)
Which of the following POLYSACCHARIDES is the PRIMARY COMPONENT of EXOSKELETON?
Chitin
The PRIMARY STORAGE FORM of ENERGY MATERIAL in ANIMALS
Glycogen
it refers to MAIN SUGAR in the BLOOD and PRIMARY SOURCE of ENERGY of ALL CELLS
Glucose
A PROTEIN FOUND in MILK
Casein
Is the ENZYME NEEDED to BREAK doen SUCROSE. and is widely USED as a SWEETENER in FOOD and BEVERAGES. When consumed, sucrose is BROKEN down into GLUCOSE and FRUCTOSE by enzymes in the DIGESTIVE SYSTEM for ENERGY.
Sucrase
An enzyme needed to BREAK DOWN MALTOSE into TWO GLUCOSE molecules
Maltase
An enzyme needed to BREAK DOWN of STARCH and glycogen into SIMPLE SUGARS like maltose
Amylase
An enzyme needed to BREAK DOWN LACTOSE into GLUCOSE and GALACTODE
Lactase
It is the opposite process where a hydrogen atom (H) is ATTACHED to one subunit and a hydroxyl group (―OH) to the other, BREAKING a specific COVALENT BOND in the macromolecule.
hydrolysis
It is the chemical compounds that lacks of CARBON-HYDROGEN BONDS.
inorganic compounds
Condensation reaction where an hydroxyl group (―OH) is REMOVED from one subunit, and a hydration atom (H) is REMOVED from the other to synthesize a new molecule.
Dehydration synthesis
It is the CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS that contain CARBON
Organic compound