-hierarchical-King at top,then earls, then thegns, then ceorls, then peasants and bottom slaves
-not rigid- people could move up or down the classes
-king was seen as legitimate ruler of the country-anointed as Christs earthly representative and people were loyal to him-showed loyalty through ceremony where all 12 yr old boys swore an oath of loyalty to the king
-king could make new laws- could introduce any law he wanted and his representatives would enforce it
-king controlled money and taxes- controlled production of coins and set tax dates and amounts
-king controlled the military- only the king could raise a national army and fleet
-king owned large estates- could grant land to his followers and take away land from those who disobeyed him
-Monarch would travel the country with the all his royal household around royal estates around the country
-would meet with vassals to discuss government of regions i.e issuing laws and settling land disputes
-king relied on earls for military power- power to raise the national military was through earls, did not do it by himself
-the Danelaw-lands where Danish traditions were strong after viking invasions-accepted Anglo-saxon monarchs but wanted to be ruled locally by local men and follow their own laws and customs, weakening the kings power there
-King and the witan governed the country- the witan was a high council of aristocrats including earls and archbishops who advised the king
-King issues laws which were enforced by his representatives
-shire reeves organised local government- the king's representative in the earldoms collecting taxes and enforcing law in the shire courts
-a council of important aristocrats-earls and archbishops advised the king on foreign policy, religious affairs and land disputes
-king had a lot of power over the witan- the king didn't have to listen to them and chose who was appointed and when they met
-role in approving new king-after the king died the witan would meet and choose the next ruler- wasn't always the kings oldest son
-military role- acted as king's generals and controlled thegns from their region making up the select fyrd
-economic power-controlled earldoms on behalf of the king- all that land created wealth for earls and the king via taxes
-legal power-oversaw justice and legal punishments
-king's local government official-reported to the king not the earl of their region and collected tax and fines on behalf of the king
-legal power-dealt with law at shire courts and was in charge of local courts
-military role- organised men for the fyrd and involved in the upkeep of fortifications and roads
-military role- were trained soldiers for the king or earl who gave them land- numbered around 4000/5000
-enforced the king's law- in charge of a village and could force people into exile as punishment
-based on agriculture- England had perfect land for sheep rearing and crop growing due to fertile soils
-importance of trade- wool traded for Danish stone
-importance of burhs- all trade over a certain amount happened in fortified town called a burh to ensure trade tax was paid
-importance of trade-main town of each shire and was fortified for protection. Trade over a set amount of money occured here to ensure trade tax was paid
-heavy fortification- strong walls and ramparts so people from the countryside could come and take refuge in the event of a viking siege
-blood feuds-revenge system based on family loyalty
-wergild- families who suffered a murder were paid compensation from the murderer's family
-hue and cry- all members of a tithing had to hunt for the culprit in the event of a crime
-collective responsibilty- justice was community based
-organised into large areas controlled by a bishop-bishops served on the witan and oversaw church activity
-local priests were normal people- normally uneducated peasant farmers and could get married
-landholdings made them wealthy- richest earldom (Wessex) had Harold Godwinson as earl, Northumbria has Tostig Godwinson, East Anglia had Gryth Godwinson and Kent had Leofwine
-military strength- lords to many thegns
-Godwins were on the witan-influenced Edward the Confessor's decisions
-family influence- Edward the Confessor was married to Edith, who was a Godwin
-the amount of land they controlled- Harold Godwinson was earl of Wessex, the wealthiest earldom and his brothers Leofwine, Tostig and Gryth were ealra of Kent, Northumbria and East Anglia respectively
-influence in the witan- as earls all the Godwin brother's were in the witan and so could influence Edward the Confessor to their benefit
-military strength- all the land they had meant they also had many thegns. The Godwin's also organised the general fyrd of non-professional soldiers for the king's army
-King Edward sent Harold to Normandy with a message for William Duke of Normandy, but his ship drifted off course
-Harold was taken prisoner by Count Guy of ponthieu but was rescued by William. Harold then fought for William as thanks
-Harold swore and oath to William that he would be loyal to him and support his claim to the throne. He did this on holy relics. Some sources say he was threatened to do this though
-Thegns rebelled against Tostig due to his abuse of power- he would use his powers for monitary gain by increasing taxes unfairly and would assasinate anybody who opposed him
-Edward's rule was ignored and rebels weren't punished- Harold persuaded King Edward Tostig was at fault so rebels had their demands met and Tostig was exiled
-his attitude towards the Danelaw- existed in Northumbria and many Danish laws and customs were still observed there. Tostig, however, was from the south and just ignored the Danelaw
-his abuse of power- Tostig imposed many unfair laws on the Northumbrian people. When people challenged him, Tostig falsely accused them of crimes and had them stricken of their land and money
-his heavy taxation- Danelaw areas traditionally had lower tax (no geld tax) but Tostig introduced very high taxes to make himself rich
-his friendship with Malcolm of Scotland- Tostig never defended Northumbria from scottish attacks. In 1061 when they attacked, they caused a lot of destruction but Tostig didn't retaliate at all, only agreeing peace terms
-he died with no hier- this began a succession crisis with many claimants to the throne
-Edward promised the throne to multiple people- William in 1051 and Harold on his deathbed
-Edward did not leave an hier- he had no children and his nearest male relative was his nephew Edgar the Aethling who was only 15 at the time of Edwards death and half little military and political experience. Edward didn't leave a plan for succession either so the witan had to decide using other criteria
-three men with strong claims to the throne-Harold Godwinson, Harald Hardrada and William of Normandy
-variety of ways the heir could be chosen-son or close relative, descendent of a previous king or someone with a lot of military power could take the throne. Witan met to agree who should be king
-Edward promised him the throne- promised to Godwinson on Edward's deathbed
-capable of taking the throne without the witan-earl of Wessex so had enough economic and military power
-descended from previous king of England- viking king, king Cnut
-strong military leader- battle experience and was backed by Tostig Godwinson
-promised the throne by Edward-William was invited to Edward's court in 1051 and promised the throne in a message via embassy to Normandy
-said Harold Godwinson swore an oath of loyalty to him- during Harold's embassy to Normandy 1064/1065
- Edward's closest relative- he was his nephew
-descended from previous king of England- Edward could have chosen him as heir after Edgar's father died
-chosen by witan- the council of the most important aristocrats in the country who had an important role in deciding the next king
-defended England against invasion- defeated Harald Hardrada in the Battle of Stamford Bridge when he invaded the north of England in 1066
-was the last Anglo-Saxon English monarch- defeated by William at the battle of Hastings in 1066
-Harold married Edith, sister of non-Godwin english earls Edwin and Morcar- this gave him support of all the English earls
-was concerned of Williams invasion- stationed troops on England's south coast
-Anglo-Saxon forces were outnumbered- 6000 compared to 9000 vikings
-Anglo-Saxon's stationed with marshland's behind them- when they were pushed back got stuck in the mud and were massacred
-battle was between the Vikings and Anglo-Saxons outside of York and the Vikings won- Vikings were led by Harald Hardrada and Anglo-Saxons were led by Edwin and Morcar
-Harold and his troops surprise attacked the vikings-Harold marched north so fast in 5 days that the vikings were not prepared for his arrival and left their armour on their ships
-Harold's housecarl's broke the Viking shield wall- shield wall protected the leaders and troops and once broken Harold's men could attack. Hardrada and Tostig were both killed
-the English were led by Harold Godwinson and the vikings were led by Harald Hardrada and Tostig- Hardrada and Tostig killed, along with many Norwegian soldiers so the English won
-William landed in England while Harold Godwinson was up north- William landed at Pevensey bay in September 1066 and built a castle
-William beat Harold at the battle of Hastings- in October 1066 Williams foot soldiers and cavalry broke the Anglo-Saxon shield wall with a feigned retreat
-William marched on London and the surviving Anglo-Saxon earls submitted to him- William destroyed many villages on his way to London to instill fear into the Anglo-Saxon people and the witan. The witan met and decided it was Williams right to be king of England and he was crowned on Christmas day
-William used a feigned retreat to trick the Anglo-Saxon fyrdsmen to leave the shield wall- Williams soldiers were fighting uphill and couldn't break the shield wall, so falsely retreated so the Anglo-Saxons would break the shield wall and chase them down the hill. The Normans then turned around and slaughtered the English
- a rumour was spread William died in the battle-to reassure his troops, William removed his helmet to show them he was still alive, which was dangerous in battle but essential to inspire his troops
-the battle was 8 hrs long- very long for a medieval battle as the sides were evenly matched due to the strong Anglo-Saxon shield wall and the relentless cavalry and archer assaults by the Normans
-William had more trained soldiers- archers and cavalrymen against Anglo-Saxon housecarls and fyrdsmen
-William was lucky- crossed the English Channel while Harold was up north so faced no opposition basing up
-strong Norman tactics- feigned retreat
-Harold's forces were weakened after the battles in the north-Harold lost some very good housecarls and some of the general fyrd in the battle of Stamford Bridge. His army were also exhausted from marching north, fighting, then marching quickly back south
-Harold's poor tactics- the general fyrd made up the shieldwall and weren't used to maintaining the battle order during battle
-William's preparation- pre-build castle at Pevensey provided William with a place to rest his men for the upcoming battle and a safe area
-William sent troops to Winchester- this was to secure the English royal treasury and take control of the country's money
-William went to Dover to secure the port- while there many of his troops became ill
-William marched on London- did this to gain the submission of the earls
-William led his army from Doged and intimidated local towns and villages along the way- en route they destroyed lots of property
-William led his army round London to Berkhamstead-William didn't attack London directly but got towns and villages to surrender to him around it
-the witan met William at Berkhamstead-Edgar the Aethling, Ealdred( bishop of York) and earls Edwin and Morcar
-William was offered the crown- the earls swore an oath of loyalty and William promised to be a "gracious lord"
-earls wanted to keep their power- they didn't fight against William at Hastings so could possibly keep their land and power
-the defeat at the Battle of Hastings seemed God's will- Harold killed in battle and William won- winning the kingdom by warfare was acceptable
-no real alternative- Edgar the Aethling didn't have enough military experience and backing from the earls to stop William
-land and power given to supporters of the invasion- his half brother Odo made Earl of Kent and Robert de Montgomery (regent of Normandy while William was gone) made marcher earl of Shrewsbury
-money to pope and Norman church leaders- the pope accepted him as King of England and the catholic church supported his reign
-earldom was very small and compact in size- roughly the same size as a shire and centred around a shire town
-had special privelledges- could create settlements other earldoms didn't have like towns, markets and churches
-earl was exempt from paying king tax- other earldoms had to pay king tax but William let marcher earls use the money for different things like building castles
-earl could build castles whenever- other earls had to apply
-earls granted full powers of the law- sherrifs normally answered to the king but in marcher earldoms sherrifs reported to the earl
-earls were William's most loyal and trusted supporters- eg. Robert de Montgomery who was regent of Normandy while William was invading England became earl of Shrewsbury
-didn't pay king tax- money instead was spent on military needs and defences like castles and soldiers
-could castles without the kings permission- allowed marcher earls to build castles quickly to quickly give troops a safe base
-sherrifs reported to the earl not the king- allowed for quick responses to problems in marcher earldoms
-controlled the legal system- didn't share responsibility with sherrifs and didn't have to wait for a king's visit so could deal with problems quicker
-created settlements- encouraged Normans to move to England
-to secure the welsh border-marcher earldoms could act quickly and without the input of the king to deal with welsh problems
-to reward his most loyal supporters- FitzOsbern made earl of Hereford for fundraising for the invasion. Hugh d'Avranches made earl of Chester for his fathers contribution of 60 ships to the invasion fleet. Robert de Montgomery made earl of Shrewsbury for his regency in Normandy
-William didn't have the military of financial means to bring the area under control- William needed his own soldiers and money to enforce Norman control and build castles in other parts of the country
-had a motte with a keep at the top- a motte was a huge and steep mound of earth that attackers would find difficult to scale and archers could fire down from the safety of the keep
-the bailey (living area) and keep protected by high wooden fences and ditches-made it difficult for attackers to actually reach the castle
-in areas there were trade routes- eg. Lincoln castle was on a trade route
-at the welsh border in the marcher earldoms- the welsh border was an area where rebels and invaders could invade from so William let the marcher earls build castles without his permission to fortify the welsh border
-on the south coast of England- William secured the south coast so he could easily cross the English Channel to Normandy so he could keep contact and get resources like soldiers
-protected borders- welsh border was a potential place for invasion so made marcher earldoms which could build castles without his permission to fortify the border. Also the south coast had castles to secure the English Channel
-controlled the people- about 500 castles were built in William's reign and each one a day's ride on horseback from each other. The castles could also be used as surveillance to see what the local people were doing
-safe base for military forces- soldiers would be garrisoned in the castle with all their equipment and any threatening force couldn't reach them. William used castles as he moved through the country checking his lands or on his way to deal with rebels
-leading Anglo-Saxon earls were involved in the revolt- Edwin and Morcar fled William's court and joined with others in the north of England including Waltheof, Gospatric and Edgar the Aethling
-William's response was very quick-he took his forces north and built castles along the way including Warwick castle and Nottingham castle. Once Warwick was taken Edwin and Morcar came south and surrendered
-rebels surrendered or gave up as William moved north- Edgar the Aethling fled to Scotland and the other important figures in the rebellion asked for forgiveness
-Anglo-Saxon earls loss of power- Edwin and Morcar submitted to William and were allowed to keep their earldoms but these were reduced in size and so the English earls now had less land so less money and power. William failed to keep his promise to Edwin of letting him marry his daughter and Morcar had a lot of his land given away to people William thought were more loyal
-William's bad government as king-while he was in Normandy, William made Odo and FitzOsbern his regents. They seized land unlawfully from Anglo-Saxons. Also, Norman soldier's went around raping many Anglo-Saxon women and recieved no punishment
-their loss of land and increased taxation- William gave away a lot of Anglo-Saxon land to his supporters and Odo and FitzOsbern when in regency would take even more. William imposed a geld tax in 1066 that increased how much money was paid to him
-strength of William's response- William immediately headed north, building castles to secure and area and moving on
-lack of unity amongst the rebels-rebels all had different reasons for rebelling so acted for themselves and not in unity. This meant the rebellion was disjointed when William took action against them
-built castles- these provided a safe base for military forces- William woild take control of an area and leave some soldiers garrisoned in the castle he built with all their equipment and move on to do the same thing as he dealt with the rebels
-many different forces working together-rebels from Northumbria joined forces with Edgar the Aethling who had the backing of Malcolm of Scotland and the Danish king sent a fleet of ships to aid the rebellion
-Anglo-Saxons killed Robert Cumin-William appointed him earl of Northumbria and he was very unpopular. The rebels rose against him and killed him when they attacked York
-anger at Norman rule- January 1069 Robert Cumin attacked villages on his way north despite warning from the bishop of Durham that his actions were making him unpopular
-valid claimants supporting rebellion- Edgar the Aethling was a relative of Edward the Confessor and had originally been chosen by the witan as king in 1066 before they had to submit to William
-support- a viking force met up with Edgar and Scottish troops in September 1069 providing ships and soldiers for battle- won a battle outside of York
-strength of William's repsonse-William acted immediately, heading north quickly and building castles to secure an area and then moving on
-lack of unity amongst the rebels- The Anglo-Danish army split up after reaching York instead of marching south which was originally planned
-William paid of the Danish, stopping the viking attacks- this made the rebelling force weaker
-destruction of homes,crops and livestock- it took place in the north of England from the river Humber to the river Tees
-Norman troops destroyed crops and seeds for the following year and even ploughed salt into the soil- this made agriculture impossible in the north so nobody had anything to eat so would starve
-Norman troops burnt down homes- this meant they had no shelter in the cold winter
-Norman troops killed livestock- animals were used for milk and meat but also to help with agriculture (eg ploughing) so farming was made even harder
-to control the north-rebels had taken control of Northumbria and defeated Norman forces at York. In other area's of the country, people saw what had happened up north so started rebellions elsewhere (eg in the marcher earldoms). William then harried the north to send a message to all rebels
-revenge- William wanted to avenge Robert Cumin's death. He was appointed earl of Northumbria but was very unpopular and the rebels killed him
-make the north uninhabitable for rebels in the north so they couldn't stay, hide and cause trouble
-no more rebellions up north- Normans had full control of the area and when Anglo-Saxon's did rebel it was in another location (eg East Anglia)
-land uninhabitable for decades- with destruction of homes and farms the land couldn't be lived in or farmed
-mass deaths- an estimated over 100,000 people were killed or died of starvation as they were forced off their farms
-no more invasions or rebel support in the north from Danes- Danes sailed to locations further south to support rebels in the rebellion of Hereward the Wake at Ely
-increased Norman land ownership in the north- William replaced any Anglo-Saxon land owners with his loyal Norman ones within the feudal system as his tenants in chiefs controlled any land and enforcing Norman law
-Hereward, a local East Anglian thegn joined with the Danish- king Swegn brought ships and invaders raided Peterborough Abbey. Hereward wanted to stop the Norman's taking its riches but the Danish took them all and sailed back to Denmark
-Hereward joined up with Morcar and his forces and prepared to defend Ely from the Normans attacks- Norman's managed to capture Ely when they found a safe passage through the marsh and captured Morcar as well. Hereward fled and was never heard of again
-lack of unity amongst the rebels- the rebels were again fighting for all different causes and so were disjointed in their response to the Norman attacks
-lack of Danish support- the rebels thought the Danes would back them but they just looted Peterborough Abbey and left
-William found a safe passage through the marsh- William bribed a monk to tell him the way through and so easily reached Ely
- a hierarchy with the king the owner of all land in the country-granted land and tax concessions in return for providing peace, law and protection to the people- king would grant land to tenants-in-chiefs who then gave land to their supporters
-system allowed the king to have great military strength-knight duty of service of tenants-in-chiefs in the feudal system meant William was provided for with knights for up to 40 days a year when he needed them most without having to pay
-gave king great power and involved ceremonies of homage where men swore loyalty to William-had to obey him and join him in war-ceremonies were public displays of loyalty which would have huge punishments in broken
-William granted landownership to ensure loyalty from his earls- between 1066 and 1086 Norman's fully replaced Anglo-Saxon's as land owners
-William developed the feudal system- land was organised where someone is granted tenure of the land in return for owes of service to the landowner
-land only given to loyal people- the king was owner of all the land and granred land to his supporters between 1066-86. New tenants-in-chiefs were solely Normans
-responsibilities that came with land enforced Norman law-tentants-in-chiefs had to keep their people under control and did so with the army and building castles-they also oversaw law and justice
-land provided wealth to enforce control-taxes from the people on the land was used to pay for armies and build castles
-king was the owner of all the land in the country-granted land via the feudal system to his supporters in exchange for total loyalty
-control of the law- only king could issue laws and official instructions to the people with the royal seal showing they had to obey him
-only the king could decide on taxation-he decided when and how much the geld tax would be
-king was the owner of all the land in the country-granted the land via the feudal system to his most loyal supporters
-commanded the country's army and fleet-king could mobilise the fyrd and use knight service duty via the feudal system which meant he was provided with 40 days of using knights for free
-centralised power-William was the centre of the political and legal system
-William made sure he was seen as God's rightful ruler- he attended all big events for christian festivals to show how he was God's representative on Earth
-he built castles- all major towns and ports had a castle which housed some Norman troops who would enforce Williams ruling
-the feudal system-land was held by individuals only if they showed loyalty to the king. William could give or take away land to enforce his power
-governed the country on behalf of the king- when William was away in Normandy he left his trusted supporters like Odo in charge
-defended the country against possible rebellion- Lanfranc was regent in the earls revolt 1075 and William was abroad. Lanfranc supresses the revolt by organising forces against it
-a rebellion against William from his own Norman earls who took advantage of when he was abroad- Roger de Breteuil (son of FitzOsbern) and Ralph de Gael
-Lanfranc was regent at the time and had time to prepare for the revolt- Waltheof the earl of Northumbria told Lanfranc about the impending revolt- he threatened to excommunicate them from the church and they still didn't back down, so Lanfranc organised the earls and raised an army to stop the revolt
-Anglo-Saxon's didn't support the revolt-in some areas they joined Norman garrisons (eg the midlands)
-anger at William weakening the power of earls-William reduced the power and wealth of earls as he didn't want them to have too much power- when earls died their heirs didn't automatically have to have the same lands, privelleges and powers-William reduced the power and land of Roger de Breteuil and Ralph de Gael when their fathers died
-Williams abscence-William was in Normandy and Lanfranc was left as regent who wasn't a powerful military leader-earls saw this as an opportunity to rebel as they believed their forces could easily overpower Lanfranc
-support from outside england-earls knew if they had support from the Danes they had more chance at splitting the country between them- Waltheof and Ralph managed to persuade king Sweyn and his son Cnut to support their cause and put together a large fleet of 200 ships to help the earls
-Waltheof revealed plans to Lanfranc- Lanfranc investigated and warned the earls to stop organising their armies or be excommunicated- they refused and Lanfranc then began planning his response to the rebellion
-Lanfranc's quick response-after failing to persuade the earls to stop Lanfranc organised the royal forces and warrior bishops quickly- this stopped Roger and Ralph leaving their earldoms so the two rebelling forces were never able to join up and rebel effectively
-lack of international support-Danes arrived too late when William returned from Normandy and they didn't want to fight him, so they just raided York and went home
-tenure is land ownership introduced by the Normans in the feudal system- the king owned all the land and granted it to his trusted men called vassals
-tenure meant the person given the land had specific duties that came with it- they would have to swear loyalty to the king and fight as a knight for the king
-a person had to show allegiance to his lord publicly-during a special ceremony men swore an oath of loyalty on the bible
-all levels of feudal hierarchy had to pay homage to the person they owed services to- tenants-in-chief did homage to William and recieves lands and tax concessions- knights did homage to their tentant-in-chief and recieved some land
-expected to do military duties- they themselves had to fight for the king and provide knights to serve in the army for up to 40 days a year
-do economic duties by collecting taxes-in return, they could keep some of the money raised- on average a tenant-in-chief earned £325 p.a
-legal role- oversaw justice in the court and judged disputes
-political role as advisors to the king- the king would ask about legal and government issues for the country and their local areas as the king travelled around the country
-tenants-in-chiefs provided the king with knights 40 days a year-gave the king fully trained and equiped soldiers he didn't have to pay for himself
-knights were used to garrison the king's castles- knights deployed on castles as they provided a safe base to retreat to and attack from helping them to control the country
-tenants-in-chiefs or knights might pay William rather than fight for him-meant William had more money to do what he wanted with (eg.build castles, hire mercinaries)
-knights had ceremonies of homage-meant that William could call on them in the event of a war knowing their loyalty was secured
-labour service bound a peasant to his local lord-peasants gave loyalty to their lord in exchange for protection and land
-peasant had to work for the lord in return for the land-often had to farm the lord's own land or provide produce from their rented land
-Archbishop of Canterbury became most important religious figure-behind only the king and the pope
-church was seperate from ordinary society-members had spiritual lives and priests had to be celibate and slightly distanced from members of their community
-more monasteries and nunneries-more monks and nuns who didn't mix with ordinary people
-Archbishop of Canterbury became most important religious figure in England-Archbishop of York had power's weakened, especially after Stigand was accused of corruption and removed from power in 1070
-Church became seperate from normal society-members lived a more spiritual life and were celibate- also distances themselves from the normal community
-church was closely linked with the Norman government-King appointed new bishops, king had to give his approval for any religious decisions and the king controlled communication with the pope in Rome
-support of the church for William as king-the church reinforced the idea William was the king of England due to the work of god and so people didn't rebel
-church controlled large areas of land given by the king-provided wealth and men for the army-warrior bishops fought in the king's name and put down many rebellions( 1075 earls revolt, 1088 Odo's rebellion)
-Norman government kept the Anglo-Saxon shire, hundred and the hide-this was to administer the country and work out taxes and men needed for the army
-role of shire reeve-later called sherrif- king's representative in the earldoms-judged court cases and oversaw tax collection
-the kings representative in the earldoms-collected tax for the king
-judged cases and enforced the king's laws-oversaw fine collections issued by the shire courts
-ensured all necessary infrastructure in a region was maintained-was to defend the region so included roads and castles
-organised the fyrd on the king's instruction-gave king the army to fight for him
-more powerful and answered to the king only-Anglo-saxon shire reeves had to be careful to not upset their earls as they were more independent from the king then
-less legal responsibilty-taken on by church courts
-collected tax-taxes were high and the sheriff got a cut so was determined to rinse people for cash
-oversaw law in the courts-would enforce the very harsh forest laws
-land owned by the king or lord-land he kept for his own use (eg grow his own food)
-sherrifs paid to manage the king's estates-they would manage the king's desmense lands in each earldom
-large areas of land (not just actual forest) were reserved for the king for hunting-people were removed from these lands and it was seen as an illegal land grab
-forest had very strict laws-people couldn't use the forest land or resources and only a select few people could hunt there. If people broke these rules there were very harsh punishments
-survey ordered by William- help him discover who owned what in England
-it was a formal record of possessions and tax criteria- eg land holdings pre and post Edward the Confessor were recorded
-it covered most of England- not London and the extreme north though
-legal significance-details of landholders investigated and decided on any land disputes-William wanted to be seen as a fair and just leader
-military significance-could be used to work out how many knights tenants-in-chief had to provide
-economic significance- could be used to check taxes
-chivalry-Norman's had a moral code of knights-captured enemies were forgiven but with Anglo-Saxon's they were just killed
-Norman architecture (ie cathedrals and castles)- Norman buildings were bigger than Anglo-Saxon buildings and often made of stone not wood
-Chivalry
-religious penance (asking for forgiveness for sinning from God)-money to churches and monasteries to help build them
-landholding-Anglo-Saxon's passed on law to multiple family members but Norman land went only to the oldest son
-difficult relationship with his oldest son Robert Curthose- Robert was the victim of a prank by his younger brothers and believed William should have punished them for it. When he didn't he started a rebellion against his dad
-married to Matilda who he trusted completely-left her in control of Normandy in 1066 when he invaded England and she would frequently solve family issues (eg making William forgive Robert)
-half-brother Odo given power and responsibility- acted as regent for William when he returned back to Normandy following the battle of Hastings
-difficult relationship- after being victim to a prank Robert wanted his younger brother's punished, and when they weren't, started a rebellion against his father (1077-80)
-William favoured his second oldest son William Rufus and saw him as a stronger leader- he left William Rufus England and Robert Normandy-split Norman lands and broke Norman tradition so started a sucession crisis
-William bullied him- Curthose means short with dumpy legs
-Robert's rebellion against his father 1077-80- after his younger brother's not punished enough for a prank played on him Robert sided with the King of France and rebelled against his father- he managed to injure William in battle-issue only resolved when Matilda organised a reconciliation
-William was unwilling to give Robert power- Robert was made heir to only Normandy but William didn't want him to have too much power- William expected all decisions and loyalty of his men to be his
-began as Robert was annoyed at his father- he left Normandy and sided with the King of France, William's enemy
-Robert and William fought each other in 1079-Robert wounded his dad in battle humiliating him
-Matilda reconciled Robert and William in 1080- William then made Robert heir to Normandy again
-William died from wounds-stumbled on horseback when fighting the french giving him internal injuries which slowly killed him
-William gave clear instructions-Robert got Normandy and William Rufus got England- Lanfranc wrote a letter supporting William Rufus
-William broke Norman tradition- William Rufus getting England was against primogeniture
-Robert was unhappy- he felt as eldest son he should be king of England
-regent for William I- when William returned to Normandy after the battle of Hastings-did land grabs and wouldn't punish rapist soldiers
-led rebellion against William Rufus-1088- wanted Robert as king so he could manipulate him for power-the rebellion failed as nobody supported it
-tried to take knights to Rome to become pope-knights were only for king's use
-attempted land grabs of church land-Odo abused his power to get more land and went unpunished for it as he was William's half brother- when he tried to take land from the church Lanfranc opposed him and made William do something
-William lost patience- Odo had been getting away with many crimes for too long like his land grabs
-Odo wanted Robert Curthose king of England-this is because he felt William Rufus wouldn't listen to him and give him power
-Odo was joined by Robert of Mortain-controlled large areas of the south of England and it set off smaller rebellions in other parts of England like Norwich
-the rebellion failed-the people and church didn't back it and Odo and Robert of Mortain took refuge in Pevensey castle, where they were then captured by William Rufus
-Odo wanted Robert Curthose as king of England-he thought William rufus wouldn't listen to him and give him power
-Odo thought William Rufus lacked support-Odo believed many barons in England would back him as they were annoyed they had to be legal to 2 lords-it set a bad example for their own families and went against Norman culture
-Odo relied on Robert of Mortain supporting him- Robert was a good military leader and had armies that could fight William Rufus for control of England
-William Rufus was backed by the barons in England-none of them liked Odo and were loyal to their king-they didn't provide men or supplies
-Odo didn't have support from the English people-the English remembered his awful regency-Willaim Rufus made sure he had support of the local English by promising to end the forest laws and lower taxation
-Robert Curthose never came to support Odo in the rebellion which was the whole point-Odo started the rebellion in support of Robert's claim to the throne but Robert failed to provide an army
-the English church supported William Rufus not Odo-the church instead put resources together against Odo
-political-power centralised under the king and taken away from the earls
-legal-the sherrif became more powerful and enforced the king's laws
-social-feudal system
-economic-trade with Normandy and Europe rather than Scandinavia and peasants had to provide more to Norman lords
-political-king rightful ruler of country and was advised, not forced into anything
-legal-law maker and earls had people had to follow law
-social-land given within a social hierarchy with movement within it