Many Kingdoms
Animals
Multicellular, Consumers, Nervous systems
Plantae Groups
Terrestrial, Green/Red Algae
Plantae Features
Eukaryotic, Photosynthetic, Flat Cristae
Cristae
The folds within the secondary mitochondrial membrane where electrons are exchanged (electron transport chain)
Chlorophyll a and b
Chlorophyll A in all plantae, Chlorophyll B in all except red algae
Fungi
Eukaryotic, Food absorbing, Flat Cristae, Genetically multicellular, Chitonous wall
Eubacteria groups
Common prokaryotes, Includes the vast majority of heterotrophic bacteria and almost all photosynthetic bacteria
Archaebacteria
Few, Bizarre habits, more similar to us than eubacteria
Excavata Groups
Includes euglenoids and some flagelletes (kinetoplastods and primitive flagellets
Euglenoids
Unicellular organisms with whiplike tails
Kinetoplastids
Protozoans known for their DNA containing Kinetoplasts
Excavata Features
Eukaryotic, single celled, unique feeding groove, swim with flagella
Chromalveolata Groups
Ciliates, Dinoflagellates, Apicomplexans, brown algae
Ciliates
round single celled with hairlike structures to move and eat
Dinoflagellates
Unicellular flagellated orginism with two dissimilar flagella
Apicomplexans
Major disease causing parasites
Chromalveolata Features
Eukaryotic, Tubular cristae, Beyond that more differences between two subkingdoms
Ameoboza Groups
Plasmodial and slime molds, and true amoeba
Plasmodial slime mold
Feed on that which decays
Cellular Slime mold
Feeds on bacteria
Amoeboza Features
Eukaryotic, Food absorption, Odd/Variable cristae, Genetically related to fungi and animals
Kingdom Rhizarria Groups
Forams and Chlorarachinophytes
Forams
Single celled, ocean living
Chlorarachinophytes
Marine tropical algae
Kingdom Rhizarria Features
Eukaryotic, Generally Amoeboid, Single celled, Tubular Cristae, More simialr to chromal veolata
Ameboid Definition
resembling an amoeba specifically in moving or changing in shape by means of protoplasmic flow
Pseudopodium
Protrusion on an ameboid cell that is temporary and used for movement/feeding
Pellicle
Membrane film around cell
Flagellum
In eukaryotes the flagellum is a tail like structure that supports movement
Prokaryotes make up...
2 out of three major branches of life
Only about _____ species of prokaryotes identified out of ______
5000/tens of millions
Extreme environments that Bacteria can live in
Extreme temperatures, High salt, Low pH, Anoxic
Extreme temperatures that prokaryotes can withstand
-10 to over 100 C
High salt levels prokaryotes can withstand
15-35%
Low pH prokaryotes can withstand
1-5
Anoxic
Zero oxygen
Distinguishing features of prokaryotes
No membrane bound nucleus, 70S ribosomes, No organelles, Cell division by Binary Fission, Cannot sexually reproducem Cell wall made of (psuedo)murien, Morphology, Degree of Organization, Flagellum
Prokaryotes DNA storage
Nucleoid region, circular choromosomes that can supercoil
Density of Eukaryote ribosomes
80S
Binary Fission
Prokaryotic copying of cells (NOT MITOSIS)
Murien/Psuedomurien
Sugar wall
Coccus
Sphere
Bacillus
Rod
Spirillium
Corkscrew
Vibrio
Bent
Organization in Prokaryotes
Unicellular, colony forming, filamentous
Flagellum in Prokaryotes
Not made from microtubules, made of flagellin
Ways of Nutrition
Phototrophs, Chemotrophs, Chemolithotrophs, Chemoorganotrophs, Photoautotrophs, Chemoautotrophs, Chemolithtrophs, Chemoorganoautotrophs, Heterotrophs, Phtoheterotrophs, Chemolithoheterotrophs, Chemoorganotrophs, Autotrophs
Phototrophs
Energy from the sun
Chemotrophs
Energy from organic chemicals
Chemolithotrophs
Energy from inorganic materials (rocks)
Autotroph
Manufacture organic carbon from inorganic carbon
Photoautotrophs
Photosynthesis using organism
Chemoautotrophs
CO2 users
Chemolithoautotroph
Inorganic material to turn into carbon
Chemoorganotrophs
Organic material to turn into carbon
Heterotroph
Organic Carbon from other organic sources
Photoheterotrophs
Use light to get Carbon from macormolecules
Chemolithoheterotroph
Inorganic compounds as an energy source, and reduced organic compounds as a carbon source
Chemoorganoheterotrophs
Organic compounds for its energy and carbon sources
Struggles in studying prokaryotes
They're Tiny, DNA Swapping, Useless Fossils
They're Tiny
Prokaryotes are only 0.1-10 um
DNA Swapping in Prokaryotes
Get genetic information from environment, Swap genes with other bacterium, Genes transfered by viruses
Ways to Study Bacteria
Enrichment Cultures, Direct DNA sequencing
Enrichment Cultures
Grow bacteria under very specific conditions, Isoate a specific species and grow
DNA sequencing bacteria
Genomics -> Using genome to identify species/relation, very time consuming
Why Study Prokaryotes?
Importnat Ecological Role, Bioredemination, Oxygen Production, Important in Disease, Beneficial Symbionts, Research and Industry
Prokaryotes ecological role
Chemical Cycling/Decomposition of matter
Chemical Cycling (Nitrogen Fixation)
N2 converted to NH3/NH4 -> Now usable by plants
-> NH3 becomes NO3/NO2 -> also usable by plants
-> NO3/NO2 are denitrified -> N2 to continue cycle
Bioredemnation
Bacteria can use nasty toxins as energy (eating oil spills), Byproducts are harmless, Fertilize bacterial growth/Seed with specific bacteria
Oxygen Production
Cyanobacteria creates most of the O2 on Earth
Important in Disease
Few proportionately are pathogenic
1. Anthrax
2. Plague
3. Tuberculoisis
4. Pneumonia
5. Cholera
Koch's Postulates
Identifying that Microbes are the causes of disease
Beneficial Symbionts
Root/Soil for plants, Yogurt for animals
Research and Industry
E. Coli is the model organism (cheap/manipulatable), Mass production of drugs
Bacteria Subgroups
Protobacteria, Actinobacteria, Firmicute, Chlampidiales, Cyanobacteria
Protobacteria
Coccus, Bacillus, Spirillium
Include purple photosyntheitc bacteria, E. coli, salmonella, rhizubium, eccentric bacteria
Actin Bacteria
Gram positive (thick cell wall)
Bacillus or filamentous
Look like fungi
Rods and sphere from actinfillaments
Decomposers
Firmicute
Low Gram positives
Very primitive
Bacillus or Coccus
Can cause illness
In yogurt
Bacillus Thuringensis used to fight corn eating moths
Chlamipdiales
Small and Coccus
Includes Chlomidia
Intracellular
Sprocharetes
Spirillium with inner flagelletes
Syphilus
Anerobic (No oxygen)
Cyanobacteria
Standard photosynthesis
Often colony forming
Important N-Fixation
Can produce toxins
Archaea Groups
Chrenarchaeota, Euryarihaeota, Thaumarchaeota
Archaea Features
No peptidoglycane cell wall
Isoprene chains on membrane
Eukaryote like ribosomes but still 70 S
Have histones
Chrenarchaeota
Broad array of e- donater/acceptor
Few are pathonagenic
Can live in extreme environments
Euryarichaeota
Live everywhere
Can cause acidic pollution
Retinal photosynthesis
Produce methane in anaerobic muck
Thaumarchaeota
Marine Chemolithotrophs
Ammonia as energy source converting to nitrite to make ATP
Current Protist
Corrected by DNA sequencing
Some more related to plants than animals
Base of aquatic Trophic Webs
Photosynthetic protist on bacteria
Human health and Protist
Malaria
African Sleeping Sickness
Harmful Algal Blooms
Role in Climate
Carbon sink
Emit cloud forming gas
Bacteria Picking up Bits of DNA from their environment
Transformation
Bacteria swapping DNA between eachother
Conjugation
Alteration of DNA in Bacteria from Viruses
Transduction
Malaria Microbe
Eukaryotic Cell