EARTH AND LIFE SCIENCE
Breaking of rocks
Weathering
Transfer of weathering
Erosion
Minerals color in powdered form
Streak
"kinang"
luster
measure of resistance of mineral to scratching
hardness
Property of minerals to breaking
Cleavage
difference after breaking
Fracture
Natural shape of minerals
Crystal Habit or Form
Ratio of density of mineral and water
Specific gravity
Solid part of lithosphere
ROCKS
size and shapes
texture
formed from cooling and solidification of magma or lava
IGNEOUS ROCKS
Intrusive igneous
Under the earth
Surface of the earth
Extrusive Igneous
SLOW COOLING RATE
LARGE CRYSTALS
Small crystals
FAST COOLING RATE
formed from accumulation, compaction, and cementation of sediments
Sedimentary rocks
made from sediments glued together or lithified
CLASTIC SEDIMENTARY
Formed when dissolved materials precipitate
CHEMICAL SEDIMENTARY
accumulation of sedimentary debris caused by organic processes
ORGANIC SEDIMENTARY
came from pre-existing rocks
METAMORPHIC ROCKS
CONDITIONS FOR METAMORPHISM
temperature
pressure
chemically active fluids
Temperature is low and equal pressure
Non-foliated
Has layers and high temp and unequal pressure
FOLIATED ROCK
physical breakdown or chemical alteration of rocks near earths surface
Weathering
2 types of weathering
MECHANICAL
CHEMICAL
MECHANICAL
frost wedging
salt crystal growth
abrasion
biological activity
anthropogenic activity
DISSOLUTION(CARBONATION)
reaction between calcite and weak acids in rain water and in groundwater
CHEMICAL
DISSOLUTION
Hydrolosis
Oxidation
Biological Activity
Processes happening at earths surface
Exogenic
movement of eroded material
transportation
aggradation of weathered sediments to create different landforms
Deposition
processes inside the earth
endogenic
heat from formation of earth
primordial heat
disintegration of natural radioactive elements like uranium thorium and potassium
Radiogenic heat
Accretional heat
found in core
primordial heat
More thermal energy
High temp- moves fast
Less thermal energy
Lower temp- slow movement
Plasticity
Behavior of like solid and liquid
Layers
crust
matle
outer core
inner core
main sources of radiogenic heat
Long lived isotopes
k40
th232
u235
u238
movement of thermal energy from hotter place to cooler place
heat transfer
transfer of heat thru fluid(liquid or gas) caused by molecular motion
CONVECTION
transfer of heat or electric current by direct contact
conduction
energy that is radiated in form of rays or waves or particles
Radiation
process under the earths crust where formation and movement of magma occur
MAGMATISM
Composition of magma
oxygen
silicon
diff rocks- diff melting point
partial melting
Conditions of melting of rocks
increase in temp
decrease in pressure
addition of volatiles
melting due to decrease in pressure
decompression melting
flux melting
addition of volatiles
basaltic magma
upper mantle
andesitic magma
formed when oceanic crust is subducted into mantle
force applied on surface of a material
pressure
examples of foliated meatamorphic rocks
gneiss
slate
Metamorphic grade
low- low pressure
medium med pressure
high high pressure
caused by large geologic processes like converging of plates
Regional metamorphism
occurs when magma comes in contact with a rock
Contact metamorphism
large crystal (granite)
phaneritic
FATHER OF GEOLOGY AND UNIFORMITARIANISM
James Hulton
Studied relative position of sedimentary rocks
Nicholas Steno
Law of inclusion
inclusion inside is older
who proposed seafloor spreading
Harry hess
theory of continental drift
alfred wegener
Tension
Divergent
compression
converging
shearing
transform-fault
strain
causes a material to change shape
occurs when compression forces acts toward each other
folding
anticline
upward
syncline
downward
happens when earths crust completely breaks and slides past each other
faulting
used in finding estimate age of an object
relative dating
helps to find EXACT age of an object
ABSOLUTE DATINT
half life
time taken for the radioactivity of a specified isotope turn to half to its original value
Usually used to determine ages of human fossils and habitation sites
Absolute dating
radiocarbon dating
absolute dating
most common type of mining
open-pit mining
formed from the remains of plants and animals
fossils
worlds primary energy source
fuels
fossil fuels
carbon
hydrogen atoms
carbon and hyrogen atoms classified as
hydrocarbons
dark sedimentary rock that is combustible
coal
process of coal transformation
coalification
lignite coal
low heat
low sulfur
limited supplies
bituminous
high heat
high sulfur
used as fuel
large supplies
anthracite
high heat
low sulfur
limited supplies
referred as crude oil
OIL
oil
converted to petrol or diesel
organic material mostly algae
oil
primarily composed of methane
natural gas
earths cleanest fossil fuel
natural gas
heat generated beneath the grouns
geothermal energy
comes from slow decay of radioactive minerals like uranium, which causes rock to become magma
geothermal power
dry steam powerplant
simplest design
sips directly hot steam thru pipes to mobilize generator turbines
pipes high pressure hot water from geothermal reservoir and convert it into steam that turns turbines to produce electricity
flash steam powerplant
binary code powerplant
hot water is passes through a heat exchanger
high temp
energy that comes from moving water
hydropower energy
hydropower
conversion of flowing water(mechanical energy to electrical energy)