social development: parenting and families

Which are the three major contexts in which children's socialization takes place in modern societies?

Family

Peer groups

Out-of-home contexts (e.g., schools, day-care centers)

What are the key aspects of parenting behaviors that contribute to children's socialization?

Responsiveness

Emotional tone

Use of discipline

Which of the following are ways in which researchers study parenting?

Parenting practices

Dimensions of parenting

Parenting styles

What dimensions are considered in the typological approach to parenting styles?

Warmth & Responsiveness

Control & Demandingness

Which parenting style is characterized by high demands and high responsiveness according to Dalimonte-Merckling & Williams (2020)?

Authoritative

What are the characteristics of the authoritarian parenting style according to Dalimonte-Merckling & Williams (2020)?

High in demands and low in responsiveness

Which of the following are effects of economic pressure on parenting according to Conger et al. (1992)?

Higher likelihood of authoritarian parenting

Increased stress and potential disruption in parental responsiveness

What factors can influence parenting behaviors according to research?

Socioeconomic status (SES)

Stress levels

Parent mental state

Which types of family structures can children grow up in?

Two biological parents

Single parents

'Blended' families/step-families

Same sex families

What are the potential impacts of divorce on children according to research findings?

Increased risk for behavior and achievement problems

What roles do parents play as critical socialization agents in most societies?

Supervising

Teaching

Disciplining

Which aspects of parenting are included in 'parenting practices'?

Spanking versus time out

Problem-solving with child versus 'do as you are told'

Attending school functions

What are the dimensions of parenting that underlie cross-situational practices?

Warmth/Support

Parental control

What are the key characteristics of the authoritative parenting style according to Dalimonte-Merckling & Williams (2020)?

High in demands

High in responsiveness

Emotional support

Appropriate autonomy granting

Which of the following are features of the permissive parenting style according to Dalimonte-Merckling & Williams (2020)?

Low in demands

Low in demands

Rarely imposes restrictions

High behavioral control

What characterizes the uninvolved (indifferent) parenting style according to Dalimonte-Merckling & Williams (2020)?

Low in demands

Low in responsiveness

Limited parental involvement

According to the study by Steinberg et al. (1994), which outcomes are associated with authoritative parenting?

Best academic achievement

Least delinquent behavior

What are the effects of the uninvolved parenting style as found in the study by Steinberg et al. (1994)?

Lower academic achievement

Higher delinquent behavior

What parenting styles are measurable along the dimensions of warmth/responsiveness and control/demandingness according to Maccoby & Martin (1983)?

Authoritative

Authoritarian

Permissive

Uninvolved

Which parenting style combines high demands with low responsiveness?

Authoritarian

What are the main points of Bronfenbrenner’s Ecological Systems Approach to child development?

Microsystem: immediate environment

Mesosystem: connections between immediate environments

Exosystem: external settings impacting the child indirectly

Macrosystem: wider cultural context

Chronosystem: patterns of events and transitions in life

How can economic pressures affect parenting according to Conger et al. (1992)?

Depressed mood in parents

Lower sensitivity in parenting

Increased authoritarian practices

Which factors are associated with variations in parenting styles across different cultural groups and contexts?

Sociocultural environment expectations

Socialization goals and practices

Economic status

What interactions within the family can influence a child's development according to the family systems approach?

Mother with each child

Father with each child

Mother with father

Siblings with one another

What are the potential effects of low socioeconomic status (SES) on parenting practices?

More authoritarian parenting

Less nurturing behavior

Higher levels of parental control

According to Jay Belsky’s systems model of family functioning, what are the bi-directional relationships within a family?

Parenting is influenced by infant behavior

Infant behavior is influenced by parenting

Marital relationship impacts parenting

How does stress affect parenting behaviors according to Zussman (1980)?

Preoccupation leading to less effective parenting

What outcomes have been observed in children of same-sex parents compared to children of heterosexual parents?

Similar adjustment

Similar personality development

A family is trying to improve their child’s academic achievement. Which parenting practices might they adopt to support this goal?

Attending school functions regularly

Making time for the child to do homework

Inquiring about grades frequently

To foster independence and self-reliance in their child, which parenting dimensions should parents focus on?

High warmth and support

High demandingness and control

Encouraging open communication

In a situation where parents want to balance their authority with responsiveness, which parenting style should they ideally adopt?

Authoritative

A child’s development is being influenced by their immediate environment. According to Bronfenbrenner’s Ecological Systems Theory, which contexts are likely impacting the child directly?

Family interactions at home

School and classroom environment

Local neighborhood activities

A mother notices that her child performs better academically and exhibits fewer behavioral problems when the family practices authoritative parenting. Which attributes of authoritative parenting contribute to these positive outcomes?

High demands and high responsiveness

Emotional support and clear communication

Involvement in the child’s decision-making process

In a multicultural school setting, teachers observe that children from authoritative homes tend to have better social competence. Which parenting behaviors associated with authoritative parenting likely contribute to this outcome?

High levels of warmth and support

Facilitating open and honest communication

High expectations with clear guidelines

During a community workshop on parenting, which practices would likely be discouraged for promoting positive child outcomes?

Harsh physical punishment

Inconsistent rule enforcement

Ignoring children’s emotional needs

A father wants to adapt his parenting to better align with his cultural expectations. According to the inconsistency hypothesis, what should he consider when modifying his parenting style?

The sociocultural environment’s expectations

The parenting practices prevalent in his community

The child’s individual temperament

A single mother in a low SES household is trying to balance her job and parenting. Based on research by Conger et al. (1992), what challenges might she face that could impact her parenting?

Economic pressure leading to stress

Reduced sensitivity to her child’s needs

Strained parental relationships

A parent observes that their child is becoming more responsible and autonomous. Which parenting strategies are likely contributing to this development?

Encouraging problem-solving skills

Open and bidirectional communication

Supporting independent decision-making

A school counselor is working with a family to improve their child’s social competence. Which family interactions should they focus on enhancing according to the family systems approach?

Direct interactions between mother and child

Father’s involvement with each child

Siblings' relationships with each other

Observing parents' interactions with each other

A child exhibits signs of low self-esteem and social withdrawal. Which parenting style, characterized by low demands and low responsiveness, might be contributing to this outcome?

Uninvolved

A researcher is studying the impact of postpartum depression on child outcomes. According to Hay, Pawlby, Sharpe et al. (2010), which child outcomes might be affected by a parent’s postpartum depression?

Lower IQ

Higher numeracy problems

Increased Special Educational Needs (SEN) statements

In a counseling session, a family discusses the challenges of a blended family. Which factors should be considered to understand the child’s experience in this family structure?

Relationships with step-siblings

Quality of contact with biological parents

Consistency in parenting styles between parents

Social acceptance of blended families in their community

A mother is trying to understand the negative impact of her low SES on her parenting. Based on the research, what effects might she notice in her parenting style?

Increased authoritarian practices

Decreased warmth and responsiveness

Reduced capacity to manage stress effectively

A father is observing that his children are highly anxious and perform poorly in school. Which parenting style might contribute to these outcomes, characterized by high demands and low responsiveness?

Authoritarian

A family therapist uses Jay Belsky’s systems model to explain family dynamics. What key points should the therapist include about bi-directional relationships?

Parenting influences infant behavior

Infant behavior influences parenting

Marital relationship affects parenting

A teacher wants to implement strategies to support children from diverse family structures. Which practices might they adopt to cater to children from single-parent and blended families?

Encourage open communication between school and home

Provide resources for academic support

Offer counseling services for emotional support

Promote inclusion and understanding among peers

A community program aims to support parents under stress. According to Zussman (1980), which strategies might help reduce the negative impact of stress on parenting?

Time management workshops

Stress-relief activities for parents

Support groups for sharing experiences

A school counselor is developing a workshop for parents on effective parenting styles. Based on Steinberg et al. (1994), which outcomes should the counselor emphasize as benefits of authoritative parenting?

Improved academic achievement

Lower levels of delinquent behavior

Better social competence

Enhanced self-esteem

What do research findings tell us about the influence of cultural differences on parenting styles and their effects on child development?

There are variations across cultures in terms of how parenting styles relate to child outcomes, but on the whole there are more similarities than differences across different cultural contexts.

Across cultures and ethnic groups, authoritative parenting is associated with best developmental outcomes in children compared to other parenting styles.

Which of the following parenting characteristics would be measured along Maccoby and Martin's parenting dimension of warmth/responsiveness?

open communication

problem solving with the child

supportiveness

Which of the following reflect how parents 'socialize' their children?

how they react to their children's demand

how parents relate to each other

how parents relate to siblings

how much they talk to their children about emotions and behaviour

how they show their own emotions

Pinquart's meta-analyses showed that, compared to the authoritative parenting style, the authoritarian parenting style tends to be associated with which of the following in children?

higher levels of externalising problems

lower levels of self-esteem

What factors have been shown to influence parenting sensitivity and responsiveness?

Parental mental health

Employment status

Relationship quality between both parents

The child's challenging behaviour