social development: parenting and families
Which are the three major contexts in which children's socialization takes place in modern societies?
Family
Peer groups
Out-of-home contexts (e.g., schools, day-care centers)
What are the key aspects of parenting behaviors that contribute to children's socialization?
Responsiveness
Emotional tone
Use of discipline
Which of the following are ways in which researchers study parenting?
Parenting practices
Dimensions of parenting
Parenting styles
What dimensions are considered in the typological approach to parenting styles?
Warmth & Responsiveness
Control & Demandingness
Which parenting style is characterized by high demands and high responsiveness according to Dalimonte-Merckling & Williams (2020)?
Authoritative
What are the characteristics of the authoritarian parenting style according to Dalimonte-Merckling & Williams (2020)?
High in demands and low in responsiveness
Which of the following are effects of economic pressure on parenting according to Conger et al. (1992)?
Higher likelihood of authoritarian parenting
Increased stress and potential disruption in parental responsiveness
What factors can influence parenting behaviors according to research?
Socioeconomic status (SES)
Stress levels
Parent mental state
Which types of family structures can children grow up in?
Two biological parents
Single parents
'Blended' families/step-families
Same sex families
What are the potential impacts of divorce on children according to research findings?
Increased risk for behavior and achievement problems
What roles do parents play as critical socialization agents in most societies?
Supervising
Teaching
Disciplining
Which aspects of parenting are included in 'parenting practices'?
Spanking versus time out
Problem-solving with child versus 'do as you are told'
Attending school functions
What are the dimensions of parenting that underlie cross-situational practices?
Warmth/Support
Parental control
What are the key characteristics of the authoritative parenting style according to Dalimonte-Merckling & Williams (2020)?
High in demands
High in responsiveness
Emotional support
Appropriate autonomy granting
Which of the following are features of the permissive parenting style according to Dalimonte-Merckling & Williams (2020)?
Low in demands
Low in demands
Rarely imposes restrictions
High behavioral control
What characterizes the uninvolved (indifferent) parenting style according to Dalimonte-Merckling & Williams (2020)?
Low in demands
Low in responsiveness
Limited parental involvement
According to the study by Steinberg et al. (1994), which outcomes are associated with authoritative parenting?
Best academic achievement
Least delinquent behavior
What are the effects of the uninvolved parenting style as found in the study by Steinberg et al. (1994)?
Lower academic achievement
Higher delinquent behavior
What parenting styles are measurable along the dimensions of warmth/responsiveness and control/demandingness according to Maccoby & Martin (1983)?
Authoritative
Authoritarian
Permissive
Uninvolved
Which parenting style combines high demands with low responsiveness?
Authoritarian
What are the main points of Bronfenbrenner’s Ecological Systems Approach to child development?
Microsystem: immediate environment
Mesosystem: connections between immediate environments
Exosystem: external settings impacting the child indirectly
Macrosystem: wider cultural context
Chronosystem: patterns of events and transitions in life
How can economic pressures affect parenting according to Conger et al. (1992)?
Depressed mood in parents
Lower sensitivity in parenting
Increased authoritarian practices
Which factors are associated with variations in parenting styles across different cultural groups and contexts?
Sociocultural environment expectations
Socialization goals and practices
Economic status
What interactions within the family can influence a child's development according to the family systems approach?
Mother with each child
Father with each child
Mother with father
Siblings with one another
What are the potential effects of low socioeconomic status (SES) on parenting practices?
More authoritarian parenting
Less nurturing behavior
Higher levels of parental control
According to Jay Belsky’s systems model of family functioning, what are the bi-directional relationships within a family?
Parenting is influenced by infant behavior
Infant behavior is influenced by parenting
Marital relationship impacts parenting
How does stress affect parenting behaviors according to Zussman (1980)?
Preoccupation leading to less effective parenting
What outcomes have been observed in children of same-sex parents compared to children of heterosexual parents?
Similar adjustment
Similar personality development
A family is trying to improve their child’s academic achievement. Which parenting practices might they adopt to support this goal?
Attending school functions regularly
Making time for the child to do homework
Inquiring about grades frequently
To foster independence and self-reliance in their child, which parenting dimensions should parents focus on?
High warmth and support
High demandingness and control
Encouraging open communication
In a situation where parents want to balance their authority with responsiveness, which parenting style should they ideally adopt?
Authoritative
A child’s development is being influenced by their immediate environment. According to Bronfenbrenner’s Ecological Systems Theory, which contexts are likely impacting the child directly?
Family interactions at home
School and classroom environment
Local neighborhood activities
A mother notices that her child performs better academically and exhibits fewer behavioral problems when the family practices authoritative parenting. Which attributes of authoritative parenting contribute to these positive outcomes?
High demands and high responsiveness
Emotional support and clear communication
Involvement in the child’s decision-making process
In a multicultural school setting, teachers observe that children from authoritative homes tend to have better social competence. Which parenting behaviors associated with authoritative parenting likely contribute to this outcome?
High levels of warmth and support
Facilitating open and honest communication
High expectations with clear guidelines
During a community workshop on parenting, which practices would likely be discouraged for promoting positive child outcomes?
Harsh physical punishment
Inconsistent rule enforcement
Ignoring children’s emotional needs
A father wants to adapt his parenting to better align with his cultural expectations. According to the inconsistency hypothesis, what should he consider when modifying his parenting style?
The sociocultural environment’s expectations
The parenting practices prevalent in his community
The child’s individual temperament
A single mother in a low SES household is trying to balance her job and parenting. Based on research by Conger et al. (1992), what challenges might she face that could impact her parenting?
Economic pressure leading to stress
Reduced sensitivity to her child’s needs
Strained parental relationships
A parent observes that their child is becoming more responsible and autonomous. Which parenting strategies are likely contributing to this development?
Encouraging problem-solving skills
Open and bidirectional communication
Supporting independent decision-making
A school counselor is working with a family to improve their child’s social competence. Which family interactions should they focus on enhancing according to the family systems approach?
Direct interactions between mother and child
Father’s involvement with each child
Siblings' relationships with each other
Observing parents' interactions with each other
A child exhibits signs of low self-esteem and social withdrawal. Which parenting style, characterized by low demands and low responsiveness, might be contributing to this outcome?
Uninvolved
A researcher is studying the impact of postpartum depression on child outcomes. According to Hay, Pawlby, Sharpe et al. (2010), which child outcomes might be affected by a parent’s postpartum depression?
Lower IQ
Higher numeracy problems
Increased Special Educational Needs (SEN) statements
In a counseling session, a family discusses the challenges of a blended family. Which factors should be considered to understand the child’s experience in this family structure?
Relationships with step-siblings
Quality of contact with biological parents
Consistency in parenting styles between parents
Social acceptance of blended families in their community
A mother is trying to understand the negative impact of her low SES on her parenting. Based on the research, what effects might she notice in her parenting style?
Increased authoritarian practices
Decreased warmth and responsiveness
Reduced capacity to manage stress effectively
A father is observing that his children are highly anxious and perform poorly in school. Which parenting style might contribute to these outcomes, characterized by high demands and low responsiveness?
Authoritarian
A family therapist uses Jay Belsky’s systems model to explain family dynamics. What key points should the therapist include about bi-directional relationships?
Parenting influences infant behavior
Infant behavior influences parenting
Marital relationship affects parenting
A teacher wants to implement strategies to support children from diverse family structures. Which practices might they adopt to cater to children from single-parent and blended families?
Encourage open communication between school and home
Provide resources for academic support
Offer counseling services for emotional support
Promote inclusion and understanding among peers
A community program aims to support parents under stress. According to Zussman (1980), which strategies might help reduce the negative impact of stress on parenting?
Time management workshops
Stress-relief activities for parents
Support groups for sharing experiences
A school counselor is developing a workshop for parents on effective parenting styles. Based on Steinberg et al. (1994), which outcomes should the counselor emphasize as benefits of authoritative parenting?
Improved academic achievement
Lower levels of delinquent behavior
Better social competence
Enhanced self-esteem
What do research findings tell us about the influence of cultural differences on parenting styles and their effects on child development?
There are variations across cultures in terms of how parenting styles relate to child outcomes, but on the whole there are more similarities than differences across different cultural contexts.
Across cultures and ethnic groups, authoritative parenting is associated with best developmental outcomes in children compared to other parenting styles.
Which of the following parenting characteristics would be measured along Maccoby and Martin's parenting dimension of warmth/responsiveness?
open communication
problem solving with the child
supportiveness
Which of the following reflect how parents 'socialize' their children?
how they react to their children's demand
how parents relate to each other
how parents relate to siblings
how much they talk to their children about emotions and behaviour
how they show their own emotions
Pinquart's meta-analyses showed that, compared to the authoritative parenting style, the authoritarian parenting style tends to be associated with which of the following in children?
higher levels of externalising problems
lower levels of self-esteem
What factors have been shown to influence parenting sensitivity and responsiveness?
Parental mental health
Employment status
Relationship quality between both parents
The child's challenging behaviour