In-flight Emergencies
What does the fire triangle consist of?
fuel, oxygen, heat
how does heat transfer in fires?
conduction, convection, radiation
What are the classes of fire?
class A - solid materials
class B - flammable and combustible liquids
class C - flammable gases
class D - combustible metals
class E - live electrical equipment
Aircraft fire protection system?
smoke detectors in the toilet, extinguishers and detection in engines, APU, toilet, cargo hold. detection in inflight entertainment system
basic fire drill and what they do
firefighter - obtain nearest extinguishing agent, investigate, signal another crew member
communicator - all stations emergency call to flight crew, giving a clear and concise description of incident and remaining the communicator to flight crew
back up - bring second BCF and PBE, other equipment as required. if PBE required, swap duties with firefighter
what do you do if a lavatory door is cool after smoke alarm has gone off?
enter lavatory and investigate fire, if waste bin door or flap is hot, open with BCF and if flames there discharge BCF down. Pour water if smoke or after flames flames have gone out
what do you do if a lavatory door is hot after smoke alarm has gone off?
stay low, use door as protection and crack the door and fully discharge BCF and reclose door.
back up- fit PBE, obtain another BCF and open door carefully.
if flames prevent entry, use door as protective while discharging BCF, ensuring fire is extinguished.
oven incident SKI
S - switch off electrical power supply (if possible)
K - keep door closed
I - implement basic fire drill
oven incident OSCR
O - open oven door 2-5cm
S - spray BCF into oven
C - close door. leave 30 seconds.
R - recheck to ensure fire is out
3 types of depressurisation
explosive, gradual, sudden
what is explosive depressurisation and an example
caused by large structural failure. e.g. collapse of a door
what is sudden depressurisation
total failure of pressurisation system leading to obvious loss of cabin pressure.
what is gradual depressurisation
a partial failure of pressurisation system, or a leak. may not be noticed until aircrafts warning system activates.
what happens during depressurisation
initial effects of hypoxia
sudden boiling of liquids
pain in ears and sinuses
mist forming
air becoming thin and cold
need to breathe rapidly
dust and loose papers
discomfort or pain due to trapped gases in body
automatic aircraft functions in a depressurisation
oxygen masks drop from PSU
cabin lighting to maximum brightness
no smoking and fasten seat belt signs illuminate
automatic PA instructing how to use oxygen mask three times
time of useful consciousness
43000ft - 10 secs
40000ft - 15 secs
35000ft - 45 secs
30000ft - 1 min
25000ft - 3 mins
20000ft - 10 mins
what PA from flight crew during depressurisation
Attention cabin crew! Emergency descent
depressurisation recall items
nearest oxygen mask - don.
nearest seat - occupy.
seat belt - fasten.
passengers - instruct
when can cabin crew get out of seats after depressurisation
on hearing PA "cabin crew carry out follow up duties"
what is the first follow up duty on depressurisation checklist
check aircraft damage and passenger injuries, get drill sheet and notify CSM "door, name, there is no aircraft damage or passenger injuries in my area"
hypoxia
lack of oxygen to function properly
symptoms and signs of hypoxia
breathlessness, sleepiness, difficulty in concentrating, indifference, unwarranted self confidence, increased pulse rate
signs: blueness around fingertips and lips, laboured breathing
where can gas expansion discomfort occur
ears, sinuses, abdomen, teeth
treatment of gas expansion
swallowing, yawning, sucking, blowing nose, valsalva technique, belching or passing wind
decompression sickness
when you have extra nitrogen in your body and fly, bubbles form in your body causing decompression sickness
what can decompression sickness also be known as
bends or gas bubble formation
decompression sickness symptoms
joint pains, chest pains, visual and mental impairment, collapse
what to do if a lithium battery is on fire
basic fire drill
remove external power
use extinguisher to put flames or smoke out.
use water if that does not work
move it to a receptacle
immerse device in water
monitor every 30 mins
where is an ABP located if cabin crew incapacitation occurs
R1
role of ABP in cabin crew incapacitation
guard the door
in extreme circumstances, opening the door
what to consider for ABP
background, alcohol intake, english competency, state of mind
what does cabin crew do when a pilot is incapacitated
enter the flight deck and listens to non-incapacitated pilots instructions
pull pilot away from control panel
lock inertia reel
guide seat backwards
where are flight crew seat controls located
inboard
what to do in suspected both pilots incapacitation
if flight crew do not answer a call, wait 1 minute to call again. if there is still no response, notify CSM, proceed to flight deck and entrer emergency access code then press enter.
wait for flight crew to respond. if they do not respond, it will unlock after 30 seconds. pull door open.
what does NITS stand for
N - nature of emergency or non routine situation
I - intentions
T - time available before landing or impact
S - special considerations or requirements
what is the evacuation command
evacuate evacuate evacuate seatbelts off high heels off
who is the first crew member to evacuate on land and what do they take
FO, NOTOC and load sheet
what points do CC pause in CSM PA for land evacuation
to acknowledge crew infront
check brace position and seatbelts
emergency exits (once you hear no smoking)
what is the initial ditching command
seat belts off fit life jackets high heels off
HOT principle
H - Hidden
O - Obviously suspicious
T - not Typical
What do you do if you see a suspiscious item?
Report it to Captain and CSM
Isolate it
Do not touch or move it
What is the counter threat response model levels
level 1 verbal abuse
level 2 physical assault
level 3 life threatening
level 4 attack on flight deck