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Acid-Bases

_______ and ___ ________ occurs according to Boyle's Law

respiration and gas exchange

________ ___ states that for a fixed amount of gas kept at a fixed temperature, pressure and volume are inversely proportional

Boyles' Law

Oxygen and carbon dioxide ______ between the air in the alveoli and blood, this movement is governed by Henry's Law

dissolve

________ ___ states that gases can be forced to dissolve into a liquid, such as blood, if there is enough pressure applied and a controlled volume

Henry's Law

_______ ____ states that the sum of partial pressures equal the total pressure of that mixture

Dalton's Law

The ______ of oxygen and carbon dioxide are driven across the respiratory membrane by their partial pressure gradients, this reaction occurs according to Dalton's Law

diffusion

Boyle's _________

Breathing

Dalt(+)ons _________

Diffusing

Henry's ________

dissolving

________ ______ is fluid surrounding your lungs

Pulmonary Edema

Factors that can influence O2 movement through the alveoli are ___________________

destruction of the alveoli, pulmonary edema, airway blockage, and inadequate blood supply

O2 is transported to tissue by _________

Hemoglobin

Hemoglobin can carry up to _ O2 molecules

4

______ is a byproduct of glycolisis that occurs in the RBCs and effects hemoglobin to release more O2 into tissues

2,3-DPG

__% of functional hemoglobin will bind to O2

95

_____________ is reversibly bound to O2

oxyhemoglobin

__________________ can be bound to O2 but isnt yet

Deoxyhemoglobin

_____________ are hemoglobins incapable of binding to O2

Dyshemoglobins

___________________ is hemoglobin bound to carbon monoxide

Carboxyhemoglobin

Hemoglobin bound to CO has a bond ___ times stronger than an oxygen bond

200

_________________ is hemoglobin unable to bind to O2 because iron is in an oxidized (ferric) state instead of a reduced (ferrous) state

Methemoglobin

The ______ ____________ ______reflects the affinity that hemoglobin has for O2 and the rate of dissociation between the O2 and the hemoglobin

oxygen dissociation curve

The oxygen dissociation curve can be affected by ________________

pH, pCO2 and CO levels, body temperature, and 2,3 DPG

With hyperventilation, CO2 decreases causing you to become more ______, lose H+, and "crave" O2 (pH increase)

basic

With hypoventilation, CO2 increases causing you to become more _____, gain H+, and need O2 (pH decrease)

acidic

With normal breathing, pH should be _________

7.34-7.44

A shift to the right on a Oxygen dissociation curve indicates _________ O2 affinity (Acidosis)

decreased

A shift to the left on a Oxygen dissociation curve indicates _________ O2 affinity (Alkalosis)

increased

Acids ______ hydrogen ions

release

Bases ______ hydrogen ions

accept

__ is a measure of the hydrogen ion concentration in the body

pH

________ and pH have an inverse relationship

Hydrogen

________ are systems that minimize pH changes by absorbing hydrogen ions

Buffers

Buffers are a combination of a ____ _____ and a _____

weak acid and a salt

Normal H+ concentration in the ECF is _____ mmol/L

36-44

The body controls and excretes ___ to maintain pH homeostasis

H+

A pH below average (< 7.34) is ________

acidosis

A pH above average (> 7.44) is ________

Alkalosis

Arterial pH is controlled by the production and retention of ______ and ______

acids and bases

The bodys first line of defense against H+ concentration changes is the _______ _________

buffer systems

Hemoglobin is the major buffer system inside ____

RBCs

The bicarbonate-carbonic acid buffer system is the major buffer system is the most important _______ buffer system

plasma

The phosphate buffer system is the most important buffer system in the _______

urine

______ ______ (such as albumin) are also important plasma buffers

Plasma Proteins

CO2 is the end product of most ______ __________ processes

aerobic metabolic

Respiration is regulated by the brains _______

medulla

____________ present in the aortic arch and carotid sinus respond to levels of H+, O2, and CO2 in the blood and CSF

Chemoreceptors

_______________ chemoreceptors work with plasma pH

Peripheral

______________ chemoreceptors work with the CSF pH/ pCO2

Central

The kidneys maintain blood pH by reabsorbtion/ production of ____ and the excretion of __ as dihydrogen phosphate or ammonium

HCO3; H+

In Acidosis, _____ is increased and _____ is conserved

acid; base

In Alkalosis, _____ is increased and _____ is conserved

base; acid

Acidosis causes _________ (K)

hyperkalemia

Alkalosis causes _________ (K)

hypokalemia

The body produces ______ mmol/L of H+ (acid) each day

50-100

The ____________________ __________ aids in understanding pH regulation of body fluids

Henderson-Hasselbalch equation

The Henderson-Hasselbalch EQUATION is ____________

pH= pKa' + log HCO3/pCO2

the normal HCO3:pCO2 ratio is _____

20:1

__________ compensated implies pH is approaching normal

Partially

______ compensated implies pH is normal

Fully

Metabolic Acidosis is caused by ______________

HCO3 consumption, HCO3 loss, and kidney problems

The body compensates for metabolic acidosis through ___________ and ____ retention

hyperventilation and HCO3 retention

Metabolic Alkalosis is caused by ____________

excessive HCO3 addition or excessive H+ loss

The body compensates for Metabolic Alkalosis through ____________

hypoventilation

Causes of Respiratory Acidosis are ________________

depression of the respiratory center and obstruction of the airflow

The kidneys compensate for Respiratory Acidosis by retaining ____ and increasing ____ excretion

HCO3; H+

Causes of Respiratory Alkalosis are ________________

hyperventilation and hypoxemia

The kidneys compensate for Respiratory Alkalosis by reclaiming ____ and excreting ____

H+; HCO3

The 4 parameters commonly used to asses patient oxygen status include __________________________

oxygen saturation, measure fractional (percent) oxyhemoglobin, Partial Pressure of Oxygen, and Pulse Oximetry

__________ ____________ is the sum of oxyhemoglobin and deoxyhemoglobin

Oxygen Saturation

The normal Oxygen Saturation range is _____%

94-98

_____________ __________ _______ ___________ is the ratio of oxyhemoglobin compared to total hemoglobin present

Measured Fractional (percent) Oxyhemoglobin

Measured Fractional (percent) Oxyhemoglobin levels are _____%

90-95

______ _______ _ _________ is the amount of O2 dissolved in the blood

Partial pressure of Oxygen

_______ ___________ is a noninvasive measurment for oxygen saturation trends

Pulse Oximetry

The actual percent oxyhemoglobin can be determined spectrophotometrically using a __________

CO-Oximeter

The pO2 measurement is __________ using a Clarke electrode

amperometric

The pCO2 and pH measurements are __________ using a Severinghaus electrode

potentiometric

_______ ________ is the specimen of choice for blood gas analysis

Whole Blood

For arterial blood collection, a ____________________ is used

1-3 mL self filling, plastic, disposable syringe

Dry ______ is the prefered anticoagulant for blood gas analysis

heparin

Blood gas samples should be __________

anaerobic

Adequate __________ of blood gas samples are important

mixing

Transport times of blood gas samples should be minimal and if possible analyzed within __ minutes

30

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