Chapter 12 : Experiments
Saturated solution
Contains the maximum concentration of a solute dissolved in the solvent at a specified temperature.
Carbonate test
Add dilute acid, and effervescence is produced as carbon dioxide forms
Chloride, Bromide, Iodide ion test
Acidify with nitric acid and then add aqueous silver nitrate. A white precipitate is produced.
Nitrate ion test
Add aqueous sodium hydroxide then aluminium foil and warm carefully. Ammonia gas is produced.
Sulfate ion test
Acidify then add aqueous barium nitrate or barium chloride. A white precipitate is produced.
Sulfite ion test
Add a small volume of aqueous potassium manganite(VIII), The potassium manganite changes from purple to colourless
Aluminium ion test
Sodium hydroxide: White Precipitate is soluble in excess, colourless solution forms
Ammonia: White Precipitate is insoluble in excess
Calcium ion test
Sodium hydroxide: White precipitate, insoluble in excess
Ammonia: No precipitate, no change
Chromium ion test
Sodium Hydroxide: Green precipitate, insoluble
Ammonia: Green precipitate, Insoluble
Copper ion test
Sodium Hydroxide: Light blue precipitate, insoluble
Ammonia: Light blue precipitate, soluble forming a dark blue solution
Iron(II) ion test
Sodium hydroxide: Green precipitate, insoluble in excess, solution turns brown
Ammnia: Green precipitate, insoluble in excess, solution turns brown
Iron (III) ion test
Sodium hydroxide: Red-brown precipitate, insoluble
Ammonia: White precipitate, soluble in excess giving a colourless solution
Zinc ion test
Sodium hydroxide: White precipitate, soluble forming a colourless solution
Ammonia: White precipitate, soluble
Ammonia test and colour
Turns damp litmus paper blue. Ammonia is colourless
Carbon dioxide test and colout
Turns limewater a cloudy white, colourless
Chlorine test and colour
Bleaches damp litmus paper after initially turning pale pink. Colour of chlorine: Yellow-green
Hydrogen test
'Pops' in the presence of a lighted splint, colourless
Oxygen test
Relights a glowing splint, colourless
Water test
Turns blue cobalt chloride paper pink, turns anhydrous copper(II) sulfate from white to blue.
Sulfur dioxide test
Turns acidified potassium manganate(VII) from purple to colourless
Turns acidified potassium dichromate(VI) from orange to green
Lithium flame test
Red colour
Sodium flame test
Yellow colour
Potassium flame test
Lilac colour
Calcium flame test
Orange-red colour
Barium flame test
Light green colour
Copper flame test
Blue-green colour
Ammonium ion test
Ammonia is produced on warming, and does not produce an insoluble hydroxide.