Mass Production (Lec. 4)
IT IS THE TRANSFORMATION OF FOOD SUBSTANCES INTO ENERGY AND BODY
MATERIALS NECESSARY FOR LIFE. IT IS INFLUENCED BY GENETIC FACTORS AND ESSENTIAL FOR
SURVIVAL AND REPRODUCTION.
NUTRITION
THE BENEFICIAL IS REARED ON ITS TARGET PREY OR HOSTS, WHICH
ITSELF IS MAINTAINED ON ITS HOST PLANT (OR ON PLANT PARTS) "TRITROPHIC" SYSTEM.
NATURAL REARING SYSTEMS
IT IS AN EXPANSIVE DUE TO SPACE AND LABOR NEEDED FOR PLANT PRODUCTION
TRITROPHIC REARING SYSTEMS
USE THE NATURAL OR TARGET PREY FOR
PRODUCTION OF THE PARASITOIDS AND PREDATORS, USUALLY ON A HOST
PLANT
NATURAL REARING SYSTEM
ORGANISM THAT IS UNLIKELY TO BE
ATTACKED BY A NATURAL ENEMY IN ITS NATURAL HABITAT, BUT THAT SUPPORTS
ITS DEVELOPMENT AND/OR REPRODUCTION; USUALLY A SPECIES THAT IS EASIER
AND LESS EXPENSIVE TO REAR; WITH OR WITHOUT PLANT MATERIALS
SYSTEMS USING FACTITIOUS PREY
USE INANIMATE (LIFELESS) ARTIFICIAL FOODS
AND PREFERABLY NO PLANT MATERIALS
ARTIFICIAL REARING SYSTEMS
IT MAY ALLOW SOME RATIONALIZATION OR AUTOMATION OF
PRODUCTION OR RELEASE
USE OF FACTITIOUS FOODS
ORGANISM THAT IS UNLIKELY TO BE ATTACKED BY A NATURAL
ENEMY IN ITS NATURAL HABITAT, BUT THAT SUPPORTS ITS DEVELOPMENT AND/OR
REPRODUCTION.
FACTITIOUS HOST OR PREY
CHEMICALLY DEFINED DIETS (AMINO ACIDS, FATTY ACIDS, SUGARS, VITAMINS, MINERALS...)
HOLIDIC
HOLIDIC BASE WITH ONE OR MORE UNREFINED OR CHEMICALLY UNKNOWN SUBSTANCES
(E.G., YEAST, LIVER EXTRACT...)
MERIDIC
CONTAINING ONLY CRUDE ORGANIC MATERIALS (E.G., MEAT DIETS)
OLIGIDIC
It is growth that is closely tied to the physiology of their hosts. The changes in the host's internal environment can benefit parasitoid
development
PARASITOID DEVELOPMENT
It is called between host and parasitoid is crucial but not
fully understood
Hormonal synchrony
A comprehensive understanding of nutrition must consider the insect’s is
nutritional ecology
FIRST EMPHASIZED THE COMPLEXITY OF PARASITOID NUTRITION, SHOWING THAT HOSTS
INFLUENCE THE PARASITOID’S GROWTH, SURVIVAL, SEX RATIO, FECUNDITY, LONGEVITY, AND VIGOR.
SALT (1941)
FURTHER EXPLORED THESE COMPLEXITIES, SHOWING THE
IMPORTANCE OF HOST SIZE ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF SOLITARY PARASITOIDS.
ARTHUR & WYLIE (1959) AND OTHERS
THERE IS A _________BETWEEN HOST SIZE AND THE SIZE OF PARASITOIDS, PARTICULARLY IN
_______.
DIRECT CORRELATION, SOLITARY PARASITOIDS
Those that lay multiple eggs per host), there is a relationship
between host size and total parasitoid biomass or numbers.
Gregarious Parasitoids
Researchers explored how gregarious organisms adjust
their development based on host size
Wylie (1965) and Bouletreau (1971)
Acccording to ________, different host plants and prey species impact
parasitoid development, mortality rates, size, sex ratio, and reproductive rates due to
variations in food quality and protein content
Smith (1957) and Atwal & Sethi (1963)
A contro system which have an INTERRELATIONS ARE EXPLOITED. THE NATURAL ENEMY
OF A PEST, DISEASE OR WEED IS SELECTED
BIOLOGICAL CONTROL SYSTEM
IT IS A CRUCIAL FOR BIOLOGICAL CONTROL
EFFORTS, ESPECIALLY WHEN LARGE-SCALE RELEASES OF NATURAL
ENEMIES ARE NEEDED AT TIMES WHEN THEY’RE SCARCE IN THE
ENVIRONMENT. HOWEVER, THE NUMBERS REQUIRED VARY WIDELY
DEPENDING ON THE PEST PROBLEM.
MASS PRODUCTION
IT IS AN ESSENTIAL
TOOL IN THE PEST MANAGEMENT TO BRING ABOUT
CHANGES FROM NATURAL TO A SPECIFIC BIOLOGICAL
CONTROL HENCE, INFORMATION ON IMPORTANCE, BIOLOGY,
REARING TECHNIQUE, EQUIPMENT AND FACILITIES
REQUIRED FOR MASS MULTIPLICATION OF BIOCONTROL
AGENTS ARE MOST IMPORTANT.
MASS REARING OF BIO-CONTROL AGENTS
IT IS USEFUL TO INCREASE PARASITISM OR PREDATION BY MASS RELEASES OF ENTOMOPHAGES OVER A WIDE AREA AT A TIME IN THE SEASON WHEN THESE NATURAL ENEMIES ARE FEW OR ABSENT. WHEN NATURAL HOST PLANTS OR TARGET HOST
INSECTS ARE UNAVAILABLE, SUITABLE ALTERNATE HOSTS OR
ARTIFICIAL DIETS ARE TO BE UTILIZED FOR MASSPRODUCTION OF PARASITES AND PREDATORS
MASS-PRODUCTION OF PARASITES AND PREDATORS
THIS INVOLVES RELEASING LARGE
QUANTITIES OF ENTOMOPHAGES AT CRITICAL TIMES TO INCREASE
PEST SUPPRESSION. THESE RELEASES DEPEND ON WEATHER AND
SEASONAL VARIATIONS.
AUGMENTATIVE CONTROL
THIS APPROACH INTRODUCES A NONNATIVE NATURAL ENEMY TO ESTABLISH A LONG-TERM, SELFSUSTAINING POPULATION THAT MANAGES PEST LEVELS OVER TIME.
CLASSICAL CONTROL
ACHIEVING THE RIGHT NUMBER OF ENTOMOPHAGES AT
THE APPROPRIATE SEASON CAN BE CHALLENGING, PARTICULARLY DUE TO
UNPREDICTABLE ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS
TIMING AND QUANTITY
ENSURING MASS-PRODUCED ENTOMOPHAGES ARE
FREE FROM DISEASES AND HYPERPARASITES (PARASITES OF PARASITES) IS VITAL FOR
EFFECTIVENESS.
AVOIDING CONTAMINANTS
PRODUCING OR COLLECTING HOST SPECIES IN SUFFICIENT
NUMBERS IS OFTEN NECESSARY FOR REARING ENTOMOPHAGES, REQUIRING
SIGNIFICANT RESOURCES.
HOST PRODUCTION
A TINY PARASITIC
WASP, IS USED WIDELY IN THE PHILIPPINES TO CONTROL CORN BORERS AND OTHER LEPIDOPTERAN
PESTS IN CORN AND SUGARCANE PLANTATIONS. BY LAYING EGGS INSIDE THE EGGS OF PESTS,
TRICHOGRAMMA HELPS PREVENT INFESTATIONS, REDUCING THE NEED FOR CHEMICAL PESTICIDES
AND PROMOTING HEALTHIER CROP YIELDS.
TRICHOGRAMMA WASPS
IT HAS BEEN APPLIED IN RICE FIELDS TO CONTROL RICE BLACK BUG POPULATIONS, A NOTORIOUS PEST IN
RICE FARMING.
ENTOMOPATHOGENIC FUNGUS
It has been introduced to control the coconut leaf beetle, Brontispa
longissima, which can severely damage coconut trees. These wasps parasitize the
beetle larvae, effectively reducing its population and helping protect the coconut
industry.
Eulophid wasps
The introduction of earwigs and coccinellid
beetles to control pests like sugarcane borers has shown promise in Philippine
sugarcane plantations. These predatory insects feed on the pests’ larvae, controlling
infestations naturally.
Predatory beetles for sugarcane
A beneficial fungus, is used
in the Philippines to manage soil-borne diseases in vegetables like tomatoes,
eggplants, and peppers. By colonizing plant roots and enhancing nutrient absorption,
Trichoderma outcompetes harmful pathogens, promoting plant growth and improving
crop resilience.
Trichoderma for vegetable crops
Commonly used to control lepidopteran pests like a corn borers in corn and sugarcane
Trichogramma spp.
Used for the control of leaf coconut beetle
Tetrastichus brontispae
Targets aphids in vegetable crops
Aphidius colemani
Controls caterpillar pests in corn, rice and vegetable crops
Cotesia spp.
Known as the mealybug dsstroyer , ised to control mealybigs on fruit and vegetable cropa
Cryptolaemus montrouzieri
Controls aphids, whiteflies and other soft bodied insects in crops like vegetables and ornamental plants
Chrysoperla carnea (Green lacewings)
Used for controlling aphids , scale insects, and mites on varilus crops
Coccinellid beetles (Ladybird beetles)
Predates on thrips and small peat insects in vegetables and fruit crops
Orius spp.
Fungal pathogen effective against rice black bugs and ither soil - dwelling pests
Metarhizium anisopliae
A fungal pathogen used to control coffee berry borers, whiteflies and aphids in various crops
Beauveria bassiana
A bacterial pathogen targeting caterpillars in vegetable and corn crops
Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt)
Effective against catetpillars in rice, corn, and vegetable crops, commonly used in integrated pest management programs.
Nuclear Polyhedrosis Virus ( NPV)
Though mainly a bio-fungicide, it also used to control soil- borne pathogens affecting vegetable crops and field crops
Trichoderma spp.
STUDIES WHICH SHOW THE EXTENT OF INDISPENSABLE
MORTALITY ATTRIBUTABLE TO A SPECIFIC NATURAL ENEMY AND CAN BE USED TO MEASURE
THE EXPECTED IMPACT ON THE TARGET PEST.
COMPREHENSIVE LIFE TABLE
Strains of insects differ in nutritional value, affecting parasitoid yields.
Genetic Factors and Manipulation
Advances in genetic engineering, such as recombinant DNA technology,
could modify nutritional traits, but practical applications are still evolving.
Genetic Factors and Manipulation