3.4
mutation due to change in one base on a DNA strand replaced by another base
POINT MUTATION
purine to purine
TRANSITION
purine to pyrimidine
TRANSVERSION
lahit magkapalit, same parin amino acid product
SILENT MUTATION
pag nagkapalitan, mag iiba na rin amino acid product
MISSENSE MUTATION
the base change can change the sequence to stop codon
NONSENSE MUTATION
mutation due to insertion or deletion of one or more bases
FRAMESHIFT MUTATION
anything that has the ability to produce a mutation
MUTAGENIC AGENTS
examples of ionizing radiation
X RAY, GAMMA RAUS AND ALPHA RAYS
this radiation breaks an electron of a neutral atom converting it to a positive ion
IONIZING RADIATION
this reaction creates a highly reactive ions that can form new bonds where wala namang required
IONIZING RADIATION
example of non ionizing radiation
ultraviolet radiation
it affects pyrimidine cytosine and thymine
NON IONIZING RADIATION
it weakens double bonds between carbons of cytosine and allows water to be added to these points, thus, preventing the cytosine to form bonds leading to strand separation
PHOTOPRODUCTS
weaken double bonds between thymine and allows another thymine to bond leads to disruption of a normal T A pairing
DIMERS
this is a mutagen where you will be exposed to radiation
PHYSICAL MUTAGENS
it breaks the amino acid of a base transforming the nucleotide into another type of nucleotide
DNA REACTIVE AGENTS
example of DNA reactive agents
DEAMINATING AGENTS
it resembles purine and pyrimidine
BASE ANALOGS
a base analog that resembles thymine
BROMOURACIL
a base analog that resembles adenine
AMINOPURINE
a chemical mutagen substances that insert into the DNA strand forming a normal strand into a longer one
INTERCALATING AGENTS
a chemical mutagen wherein propyl groups are added to the backbone of the DNA that can lead to continous breakdown and mispairing of bases
ALKYLATING AGENTS
a biological agent aka jumping genes coz they have the ability to move from one region to another of the DNA
DNA TRANSPOSONS
a biological mutagen wherein you insert the genetic material into the host DNA disrupting base sequences and genetic functions
VIRUS
a bacterial biological agent wherr it triggers the formation of reactive oxygen species
HELICOBACTER PYLORI